Journal Review: Potential of Orange Peel, Fruit, and Vegetable Waste as an Environmentally Friendly Electrolyte Source for Bio-Batteries

I Wayan  Suriana; Ida Ayu Dwi Giri  Antari; Wayan Gede  Ariastina; I Nyoman  Setiawan

doi:10.37899/journallalifesci.v6i4.2605

I Wayan Suriana Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Teknik dan Informatika, Universitas Pendidikan Nasional, Denpasar
Ida Ayu Dwi Giri Antari Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Indonesia
Wayan Gede Ariastina Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Indonesia
I Nyoman Setiawan Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37899/journallalifesci.v6i4.2605

Keywords: Bio-Battery, Orange Peel Waste, Vegetables, Natural Electrolyte, Renewable Energy

Abstract

The ever-increasing demand for electrical energy demands alternative, environmentally friendly, and sustainable energy sources. Conventional batteries generally rely on synthetic chemicals that have the potential to pollute the environment. One solution that is beginning to be developed is the use of organic waste as an electrolyte source in bio-batteries. This review article discusses the potential of orange peel, fruit, and vegetable waste as a natural electrolyte containing organic acid compounds, particularly citric acid (C₆H₈O₇), as well as mineral acids that can decompose into ions in solution, thus conducting electricity. Various research results show that the acid and water content of organic waste can produce a potential difference when paired with dissimilar metal electrodes, thus generating an electric current. In addition, the pH characteristics and natural electrolyte content of the waste indicate its suitability as a substitute for hazardous chemicals in batteries. Thus, the use of orange peel, fruit, and vegetable waste has the potential to become an environmentally friendly bio-battery innovation that can support efforts to reduce dependence on conventional batteries while contributing to sustainable organic waste management.

References

A. Ristiono and M. Pd, “Analysis of Banana Peel Waste Utilization as an Environmentally Friendly Battery Component,” vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 47–53, 2021.

Abdolsattari, P., Rezazadeh-Bari, M., & Pirsa, S. (2022). Smart film based on polylactic acid, modified with polyaniline/ZnO/CuO: Investigation of physicochemical properties and its use of intelligent packaging of orange juice. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 15(12), 2803-2825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-022-02911-3

Al Mubarak, F., Rezaee, R., & Wood, D. A. (2024). Economic, societal, and environmental impacts of available energy sources: A review. Eng, 5(3), 1232-1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5030067

Ali, M. S., Tuhin, R. A., & Khan, M. S. H. (2021). Sun: The main source of ground energy and power. In Advances in Clean Energy Technologies (pp. 3-18). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821221-9.00001-3

Alrashidi, W., Alhazmi, S., Sayegh, F., & Edris, S. (2025). Microalga-Based Electricity Production: A Comprehensive Review. Energies, 18(3), 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030536

Apeh, O. O., & Nwulu, N. I. (2024). Unlocking economic growth: Harnessing renewable energy to mitigate load shedding in Southern Africa. e-Prime-Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 10, 100869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2024.100869

Beheiry, H. R., Hasanin, M. S., Abdelkhalek, A., & Hussein, H. A. (2023). Potassium spraying preharvest and Nanocoating postharvest improve the quality and extend the storage period for acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) fruits. Plants, 12(22), 3848. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223848

Burgess, C., Okonkwo, E. G., & He, Y. (2024). Evaluating the performance of citric acid and maleic acid for mixed-acid leaching of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 26(5), 3205-3216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-024-02041-2

Chaudhary, V., Lakhera, P., Kim, K. H., Deep, A., & Kumar, P. (2024). Insights into the eco-friendly recovery process for valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries by organic acids leaching. Separation & Purification Reviews, 53(1), 82-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2022.2164650

D. Sintiya and Nurmasyitah, “The Effect of Electrode Materials on the Electrical Properties of Oranges and Tomatoes as an Alternative Energy Solution,” J. Educator. Phys. and Science, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2019.

Dahiya, P., Kumari, S., Behl, M., Kashyap, A., Kumari, D., Thakur, K., ... & Bhatia, R. K. (2024). Guardians of the gut: harnessing the power of probiotic microbiota and their exopolysaccharides to mitigate heavy metal toxicity in human for better health. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 16(6), 1937-1953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-024-10281-9

Deora, P. S., Verma, Y., Muhal, R. A., Goswami, C., & Singh, T. (2022). Biofuels: An alternative to conventional fuel and energy source. Materials Today: Proceedings, 48, 1178-1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.227

E. Ratnawati, R. Ermawati, and S. Naimah, “Biosorption Technology by Microorganisms, an Alternative Solution to Reduce Heavy Metal Pollution,” J. Kim. and Packaging, vol. 32, no. 1, p. 34, 2010, http://dx.doi.org/110.24817/jkk.v32i1.2739.

Elhadad, A., Liu, L., & Choi, S. (2022). Plug-and-play modular biobatteries with microbial consortia. Journal of Power Sources, 535, 231487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231487

H. Kamilah, T. Wardoyo, and S. Maftukhah, “Utilization of Ambarella Fruit and Ambon Banana Peel as Alternative Electrical Energy Sources,” J. Ilm. Fak. Tek., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 142–152, 2020.

Hansen, J., & Schulze, F. (2025). Introduction: The Challenge of New Materialism for the History of Infrastructure. Technology and Culture, 66(3), 711-730. https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2025.a965821

Hartini, “Identification of Orange Fruit Variations in Determining Electric Current Potential,” J. Hadron, vol. 1, no. 02, pp. 2–5, 2019.

Indainanto, Y. I., Dalimunthe, M. A., Sazali, H., & Kholil, S. (2023). Islamic Communication in Voicing Religious Moderation as an Effort to Prevent Conflicts of Differences in Beliefs. Pharos Journal of Theology, 104(4).

Khairiah and R. Destini, “Electrical Analysis of Durian Peel Waste Electrolyte Paste (Durio Zibethinus) as a Bio Battery,” Pros. Semin. Nas. Pendidik. FKIP UNTIRTA 2017, vol. 1, pp. 41–44, 2017.

Kırmızıtaş, F. C., Günder, B. B., & Köse, A. (2024). Biological Insights into Energy Storage Technologies. International Journal of New Findings in Engineering, Science and Technology, 2(1), 54-63. https://doi.org/10.61150/ijonfest.2024020107

Liang, Z., Tian, F., Yang, G., & Wang, C. (2023). Enabling long-cycling aqueous sodium-ion batteries via Mn dissolution inhibition using sodium ferrocyanide electrolyte additive. Nature Communications, 14(1), 3591. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.23283695

M. Muhlisin, N. Soedjarwanto, and M. Komarudin, “Utilization of Banana Peel and Durian Peel Waste as Alternative Materials to Replace Battery Paste.”

MH Baktiyar, A. Adiningrum, F. Septianingsih, and B. Poerwadi, “Utilization of Methylene Blue and Banana Peels as RFB (Redox Flow Battery) Components,” vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 10–16, 2021.

Mittal, N., Ojanguren, A., Niederberger, M., & Lizundia, E. (2021). Degradation behavior, biocompatibility, electrochemical performance, and circularity potential of transient batteries. Advanced Science, 8(12), 2004814. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202004814

Mohammed, O. M. (2021). Renewable energy: sources, integration and application. Journal of Engineering research and reports, 20(12), 143-161. https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2021/v20i1217426

Munthe, S. P., Rahmah, A., Simarmata, T., ArtaulySitinjak, S. R., Siregar, N., & Siagian, L. G. (2023). Wuluh Star Fruit (Averrhoa Bilimbi) as a source of energy in galvani cells. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial Dan Humaniora, 2(2), 509-520.

Navarro‐Segarra, M., & Esquivel, J. P. (2023). A rationale for the development of sustainable biodegradable batteries. Sustainable Energy Storage in the Scope of Circular Economy: Advanced Materials and Device Design, 123-143. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119817741.ch5

Njema, G. G., Ouma, R. B. O., & Kibet, J. K. (2024). A review on the recent advances in battery development and energy storage technologies. Journal of renewable energy, 2024(1), 2329261. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2329261

Ortega, A., Arenas, L. F., Pijpers, J. J., Vicencio, D. L., Martínez, J. C., Rodríguez, F. A., & Rivero, E. P. (2022). Modelling water dissociation, acid-base neutralization and ion transport in bipolar membranes for acid-base flow batteries. Journal of Membrane Science, 641, 119899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119899

Qasem, N. A., & Abdulrahman, G. A. (2024). A recent comprehensive review of fuel cells: history, types, and applications. International Journal of Energy Research, 2024(1), 7271748. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7271748

Resta, R. (2021). Faraday law, oxidation numbers, and ionic conductivity: The role of topology. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 155(24), 244503. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0077718

Rimantho, D., Ariyanti, D., & Maryana, R. (2024). Environmentally friendly strategies for recycling agricultural waste to produce renewable energy: a case study of durian fruit. Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, 7(2), 294-312. https://doi.org/10.31181/dmame7220241138

Ringsby, A. J., Fong, K. D., Self, J., Bergstrom, H. K., McCloskey, B. D., & Persson, K. A. (2021). Transport phenomena in low temperature lithium-ion battery electrolytes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 168(8), 080501. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac1735

Rokhim, D., Vitarisma, I., Sumari, S., Utomo, Y., & Asrori, M. (2024). Optimizing Household Wastes (Rice, Vegetables, and Fruit) as an Environmentally Friendly Electricity Generator. Journal of Renewable Materials, 12(2), 275.

Saha, S., Ghosh, S., & Pal, H. (2024). Resource recovery from food waste through conversion to value-added products. In Sustainable Clean Energy Production Using Waste Biomass: Sustainable Energy Production and Utilization (pp. 43-73). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0840-6_3

Sardewi, T., Amanah, T. R., Rusdianasari, R., Junaidi, R., & Hasan, A. (2025). Utilization of Rotten Tomato Juice and Starfruit Juice with the Addition of Potassium Hydroxide in Biobattery Production. AJARCDE (Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment), 9(3), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v9i3.772

Segundo, R. F., Magaly, D. L. C. N., Luis, C. C., Otiniano, N. M., Soto-Deza, N., Terrones-Rodriguez, N., & Mayra, D. L. C. C. (2024). Obtaining Sustainable Electrical Energy from Pepper Waste. Sustainability, 16(8), 3448. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083448

Sharma, P., Kumar, K., & Pandey, S. P. (2024). Synthesis of pectin biopolymer for electrochemical device application. Materials Today: Proceedings, 104, 64-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2024.01.053

Shibuya, J. J., Macphee, D. E., & Cuesta, A. (2024). Putting stored hydrogen to work without consuming it: A flexible system for energy conversion and water desalination. Journal of Power Sources, 613, 234906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234906

Sigalingging, R., & Sitorus, Y. (2024). Study of Fruit Waste as Bio-battery Materials for Alternative Electricity. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering, 2(01), 001-010. https://doi.org/10.32734/jsabe.v2i1.14683

Sigalingging, R., Panjaitan, V. C. S., & Sigalingging, C. (2022, December). The effect of fermentation time on fruits as a producer electrical energy. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1115, No. 1, p. 012088). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1115/1/012088

Tian, Z., Hou, L., Feng, D., Jiao, Y., & Wu, P. (2023). Modulating the coordination environment of lithium bonds for high performance polymer electrolyte batteries. ACS nano, 17(4), 3786-3796.

Widyaningsih, F., & Rahman, D. Y. (2025). Development of an Eco-Friendly Bio-Battery Using Cucumber and NaCl as Ion Sources and Tapioca Flour as a Matrix. Jurnal Penelitian Fisika dan Terapannya (JUPITER), 7(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.31851/jupiter.v7i1.15939

Widyaningsih, M., Abidin, M., Hafidh, A. F., Murniati, A., Ragadhita, R., Rizky, K. M., & Mudzakir, A. (2024). Innovation of environmentally friendly solid electrolyte biobattery based on carrageenan and rotten tomatoes. ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering, 4(1), 1-14.