The Relationship Between Smoking Habits Among Pneumonia Patients and Length of Hospitalization
Abstract
Pneumonia is a respiratory tract infection caused by viruses, fungi or bacteria. The impact of pneumonia can be measured by the length of stay (LOS) in the hospital. One of the risk factors for pneumonia is smoking. Given the high prevalence of smokers in Indonesia, this study aims to examine the correlation between smoking habits and the duration of the length of stay in pneumonia patients at RSUD dr. Chasbullah Abdulmadjid Bekasi city. This study used an analytical observational design with cross sectional approach. The research population was pneumonia patients at RSUD dr. Chasbullah Abdulmadjid, with a total of 122 patients obtained through consecutive sampling. Secondary data from patients medical record were used. Data analysis was performed using the Chi Square statistical test to determine the relationship between variables. Out of 122 patients, it was found that 50.8% (62 patients) were non smokers and 42.2% (60 patients) were active smokers. The distribution of length of stay shows that 73.8% of patients had a short length of stay category. The Chi Square test result indicated a significant relationship between smoking habits and the length of stay in pneumonia patients (P – Value 0.000). There is a statistically significant relationship between smoking habits and length of stay (LOS) in pneumonia patients.
References
Anderson, R., & Feldman, C. (2023). The Global Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults, Encompassing Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and the Prevalence of Its Associated Cardiovascular Events, with a Focus on Pneumolysin and Macrolide Antibiotics in Pathogenesis and Therapy. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 24, Issue 13). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241311038
Azar, M. M. (2024). A diagnostic approach to fungal pneumonia: an infectious diseases perspective. Chest, 165(3), 559-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2023.10.005
Budiyanto, B. (2020). Sikap Ilmiah Terhadap Urgensi Hadis Dalam Pendidikan Agama Islam. Al-Bayan: Jurnal Ilmu al-Qur’an Dan Hadist, 3(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.35132/albayan.v3i1.83
Burhan, E., Isbaniah, F., Hatim, F., Djaharuddin, I., Harsini, S., Agustin, H., Sugiri, Y. J. R., Medison, I., Arisanti, N. L. P. E., & Kusmiati, T. (2022). Pneumonia Komunitas: Pedoman Diagnosis dan Penatalaksanaan di Indonesia. Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia (PDPI).
Chebib, N., Cuvelier, C., Malézieux-Picard, A., Parent, T., Roux, X., Fassier, T., Müller, F., & Prendki, V. (2021). Pneumonia prevention in the elderly patients: the other sides. In Aging Clinical and Experimental Research (Vol. 33, Issue 4, pp. 1091–1100). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-019-01437-7
Cocchio, S., Cozzolino, C., Furlan, P., Cozza, A., Tonon, M., Russo, F., Saia, M., & Baldo, V. (2024). Pneumonia-Related Hospitalizations among the Elderly: A Retrospective Study in Northeast Italy. Diseases, 12(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12100254
Hernández-Pérez, A., García-Gómez, L., Robles-Hernández, R., Thirión-Romero, I., Osio-Echánove, J., Rodríguez-Llamazares, S., Baler, R., & Pérez-Padilla, R. (2023). Addiction to Tobacco Smoking and Vaping. In Revista de investigacion clinica; organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion (Vol. 75, Issue 3, pp. 158–168). NLM (Medline). https://doi.org/10.24875/RIC.23000117
Holmberg, K., & Meyer, R. D. (1986). Fungal infections in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 18(3), 179-192. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365548609032326
Ibukun, O., Kumbalatara, C., & Jayawardene, W. (2025). Adolescent Perceptions and Use of E-Cigarettes as Smoking Cessation Tools and for Pleasure: Data Analysis from National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS), 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2023. Societies, 15(7), 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15070201
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2025). Kategori Usia.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2023). Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tata Laksana Pneumonia Pada Dewasa.
Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., & Aster, J. C. (2020). Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease.
Lionakis, M. S., Drummond, R. A., & Hohl, T. M. (2023). Immune responses to human fungal pathogens and therapeutic prospects. Nature Reviews Immunology, 23(7), 433-452. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-022-00826-w
Loscalzo, J. (2013). Pulmonary and critical care medicine. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 215-9.
Lüthi-Corridori, G., Boesing, M., Roth, A., Giezendanner, S., Leuppi-Taegtmeyer, A. B., Schuetz, P., & Leuppi, J. D. (2023). Predictors of Length of Stay, Rehospitalization and Mortality in Community-Acquired Pneumonia Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine,12(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175601
Manoochehri, Z., Faradmal, J., & Moghimbeigi, A. (2022). Modeling of smoking intensity by age at smoking onset among Iranian adult male using generalized additive model. Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21194-4
Marieta, A., & Lestari, K. (2022). Rokok dan Berbagai Masalah Kesehatan yang Ditimbulkannya. Farmaka, 20.
Mené Ndez, R., Ferrando, D., Vallé, J. M., Martínez, E., & Perpiñ, M. (n.d.). Initial risk class and length of hospital stay in community-acquired pneumonia. https://publications.ersnet.org
Meregildo-Rodriguez, E. D., Asmat-Rubio, M. G., Rojas-Benites, M. J., & Vasquez-Tirado, G. A. (2023). Acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and mortality after community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(7), 2577. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12072577
Nurhayati, E., & Fitriyana, S. (2020). Determinan Kesehatan dalam Perspektif Islam: Studi Pendahuluan. http://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/jiks
Pramudya Indrastuti, A., Ilmiah, P., & Sedionoto, B. (2023). Hubungan Kondisi Lingkungan Fisik Rumah Dengan Kejadian Pneumonia Pada Balita Di Wilayah Kerja Uptd Puskesmas Perawatan Baru Ulu Kota Balikpapan. Repository Universitas Mulawarman
Rey-Brandariz, J., Pérez-Ríos, M., Ahluwalia, J. S., Beheshtian, K., Fernández- Villar, A., Represas-Represas, C., Piñeiro, M., Alfageme, I., Ancochea, J., Soriano, J. B., Casanova, C., Cosío, B. G., García-Río, F., Miravitlles, M., de Lucas, P., Rodríguez González-Moro, J. M., Soler-Cataluña, J. J., & Ruano- Ravina, A. (2023). Tobacco Patterns and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Results From a Cross-Sectional Study. Archivos de Bronconeumologia, 59(11), 717–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2023.07.009
Saragih, P., Eskana Sihombing, V., & Boni Yolanda Pardede, I. (2022). Factors that cause the increase of pneumonia in Indonesia. AMCA Journal of Community Development, 2(1), 31–33. https://doi.org/10.51773/ajcd.v2i1.116
Siregar, P. A., Suryani, S., & Saragih, N. P. (2023). Cigarettes: Between Behavior, Habits, and Law. Media Syari’ah : Wahana Kajian Hukum Islam Dan Pranata Sosial, 25(2), 254. https://doi.org/10.22373/jms.v25i2.14863
Sitompul, P. A., Indriani, R., Maemun, S., Rusli, A., Sundari, T., Marlina, R., Rogayah, R., Syahril, M., Rudiatmoko, D. R., Salita, S. K., & Setiawaty, V. (2023). Length of stay of pneumonia patients associated with comorbid and complications factors in referral National Infectious Diseases Hospital. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v24i1.8
Stattin, K., Eriksson, M., Frithiof, R., Kawati, R., Crockett, D., Hultström, M., & Lipcsey, M. (2024). Smoking is associated with higher risk of contracting bacterial infection and pneumonia, intensive care unit admission and death. PLoS ONE, 19(5 May). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302505
Stotts, C., Corrales-Medina, V. F., & Rayner, K. J. (2023). Pneumonia-induced inflammation, resolution and cardiovascular disease: causes, consequences and clinical opportunities. Circulation research, 132(6), 751-774. https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.122.321636
Syafadilla Azali, A., & Fathurohman, O. S. (2025). Ancaman Merokok bagi Kesehatan: Perspektif Medis dan Nilai Islam. https://doi.org/10.23917/jkk.v4i3.720
Szymański, J., Ostrowska, A., Pinkas, J., Giermaziak, W., Krzych-Fałta, E., & Jankowski, M. (2022). Awareness of tobacco-related diseases among adults in Poland: a 2022 nationwide cross-sectional survey. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(9), 5702. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095702
Tjandrarini, D. H., Mubasyiroh, R., Tarigan, I. U., Indriasih, E., WHO, CDC, & BRIN. (2024). Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) Indonesia Report 2021.
Tralhão, A., & Póvoa, P. (2023). Cardiovascular events after community-acquired pneumonia: a global perspective with systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Advances in Surgical and Medical Specialties, 197-227. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020414
Xing, S., Zhao, M., Magnussen, C. G., & Xi, B. (2022). Proportion and trend in the age of cigarette smoking initiation among adolescent smoking experiencers aged 13–15 years in 148 countries/territories. Frontiers in public health, 10, 1054842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1054842
Yuskawati, D., Astuty, D. A., & Wahyudi, W. (2024). Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Length of Stay Pasien Pneumonia di Rumah Sakit Umum Haji Medan. MAHESA : Malahayati Health Student Journal, 4(5), 1649–1664. https://doi.org/10.33024/mahesa.v4i5.14541
Zhang, L., Xu, J., Li, Y., Meng, F., & Wang, W. (2024). Smoking on the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Care, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-024-04902-6
Zottl, J., Sebesta, C. G., Tomosel, E., Sebesta, M. C., & Sebesta, C. (2025). Unraveling the burden of pancreatic cancer in the 21st century: Trends in incidence, mortality, survival, and key contributing factors. Cancers, 17(10), 1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17101607
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal La Medihealtico
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
