Journal La Medihealtico

The Role of Effective Communication in Reducing Medication Errors in Pharmacy Practice

Fitri Zakiah — 2024-08-28

Medication errors or errors in administering medications are serious health problems that occur in various health care facilities such as hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies. These errors can occur at the stage of writing prescriptions by doctors, providing and preparing drugs by pharmacists, to administering drugs to patients by nurses or patients themselves. Medication errors can lead to a variety of negative consequences, ranging from mild side effects to life-threatening events. This study aims to examine the role of effective communication in reducing medication errors in pharmacy practice. The research method used is a qualitative approach with an exploratory case study at the Salsabilah pharmacy in Leuwikujang Village, Leuwimunding District, Majalengka Regency and the Salsabilah 2 pharmacy in Trajaya Village, Palasah District, Majalengka Regency. The research sample consisted of health workers (pharmacists and doctors) at the Salsabilah pharmacy in Leuwikujang Village, Leuwimunding District, Majalengka Regency and the Salsabilah 2 pharmacy in Trajaya Village, Palasah District, Majalengka Regency, as well as patients who received services at the pharmacy. The results of the study show that effective communication between health workers and patients can improve patient safety by reducing the risk of medication errors. Good communication helps patients understand the treatment they are receiving, so they can follow instructions correctly and report any other side effects or problems immediately.

Clinical Outcomes of Diabetic Patients with and without Hypertension Vaccinated with the Sinovac Vaccine

Sofia Ngarso — 2024-08-28

Diabetes and hypertension are the most common degenerative diseases found during the Covid-19 vaccination. Of the 1488 cases of patients exposed to the Covis-19 virus, 13.2% died with hypertension and 11.6% with diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of diabetic and diabetic patients with hypertension who have been vaccinated with the Sinovac vaccine. This study uses retrospective and prospective cohort methods for 5 months. Of the 300 patients, 56.3% were female patients with the majority of the ages coming from the 41 to 60 years old group (46.7%) and 47.6% from the >60 years age group. There was no significant association between the length of diagnosis of diabetic patients and diabetes with hypertension and clinical outcomes. There was an association between kidney failure and clinical outcomes with the death of 8 people (2.7%) in patients with stage 4 and 5 renal failure. There was no association between sociodemographics and clinical outcomes. In comorbidities with Diabetes Mellitus, 3.33% of patients die. From the results of the study, it is also known that patients diagnosed with the disease >10 years have a higher percentage of mortality compared to patients diagnosed <10 years.

The Relationship of Workload and Job Stress with Work Fatigue in Factory Employees

Nelsa Putri Rahmasari — 2024-08-28

Work fatigue will reduce performance and increase work errors, workers who come in and out of the cracker factory because the salary they get is quite small for workers, the majority of whom have married and have dependents in the family, this is supported by the salary slip shown by the worker to the researcher. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between workload and work stress with work fatigue in cracker factory employees in Dolopo District. The research method used is quantitative research. This research uses a cross-sectional study design. Researchers determined that the population came from employees of the cracker factory in Dolopo District, Kab. Madiun with a total of 69 workers, the sample size required for cracker factory employees in Dolopo District, Kab. In Madiun, 60 respondents will be researched. Most of the workers at the cracker factory in Dolopo sub-district experience severe work fatigue and work stress. There is a significant relationship between fatigue and work stress among workers at the cracker factory in Dolopo sub-district. The suggestion that the cracker factory needs to make is to make stress management strategies for workers to minimize fatigue and work stress, for example by conducting outbound events or gatherings between workers. Meanwhile, the advice that workers can do is to do muscle stretching or light exercise periodically while working.

Clinical Outcome of Diabetes Patients with Asthma Complications Using Corticosteroids

Maria Sheila Setya Ningtyas — 2024-08-28

Diabetes and asthma is disease No infectious However prevalence his Enough big in Indonesia. Study This aim For knowing the clinical outcome of diabetes patients with complications asthma who uses corticosteroids. Study This use method cohort retrospective and prospective for 3 months. Of 150 patients , 76% were Woman with level education the most namely SMA 44%. Obtained results prevalence use corticosteroids is methylprednisolone namely 45.4% with a period of use of 6-10 years. There is no significant relationship between type corticosteroids with clinical outcomes. Can concluded that the clinical outcome of patients who lived was 96.7% and those who died namely 3.33% as well No there is significant relationship between type corticosteroids with clinical outcomes.

Cutaneus T-Cell Lymphoma in 53 Years Old Woman: Histopathological Features

Ivani Ivani — 2024-08-28

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are clinically heterogeneous T-cell lymphomas that arise in the skin and are characterized by their clinical and pathological features. The pathogenesis of CTCL is not fully understood. The incidence of CTCL increases significantly with age, with a median age at diagnosis at about 55 years of age and a four-fold increase in incidence appreciated in patients over 70. A 53 year old woman presented with complaints of reddish spots and lumps on her left forearm and back which spread to her chest, stomach and legs. On examination, a lump the size of a golf ball was found on the left forearm and back as well as reddish spots that felt itchy and painful. Histopathological examination with HE staining showed proliferation of lymphoid follicles without a germinal center and monotonous cells of small to medium size partially surrounding the tubular glands in the dermis layer. Immunohistochemical examination revealed positive for CD 45 as well as CD 3 and negative for CD 20. A case of CTCL has been reported in a 53-year-old woman. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry are important to diagnose this disease.

Profile of Shingles Patients in Outpatient Settings Dermatology and Venereology

Laura Noviani — 2024-08-28

Herpes zoster (HZ) is a latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation has been related to aging and immunocompromised condition that affects the skin and mucosa. It becomes increasingly common. However, studies on the clinical profile of HZ in Indonesia are still lacking. Objective of the study is to describe clinico-epidemiological profiles of HZ in Dr. Moewardi General Hospital Surakarta, Indonesia in the period of January 2018 – December 2022. We conducted a retrospective study using the medical records of patients visiting Dermatovenereology Outpatient Clinic of Dr. Moewardi General Hospital Surakarta from January 2018 to December 2022. 48 subjects included in this study 31 of them are females (65%). The subjects were dominated by those aged >50 years old (n:30; 63%). Herpes zoster mostly occurred at thoracal dermatome (n:22: 46%). Top three comorbidities were hypertension (n:10; 21%) followed by autoimmune diseases (n:9: 18%) and malignancy history (n; 6; 13%). Antiviral drugs (n:33; 69%) and antibiotic ointment (n:33; 69%) were the most therapy. More than 50% of subjects received anticonvulsant gabapentin (n:28; 58%) and one-fourth of subjects received analgesic (n:12; 25%). Herpes Zoster most affects middle adulthood population invo involving thoracal dermatome. Hypertension, autoimmune disease and history of malignancy are the common comorbidity. The main therapy of HZ is antivirus in combination with anticonvulsant and analgesic.

The Impact of Oral Maternal Colostrum Administration on the Immune System of Premature Babies

Adinda Alfi Azizah — 2024-09-02

In children under five years of age, premature complications are now the second leading cause of death. Colostrum has important benefits in promoting the maturity of premature infants' organ functions and preventing infections. Preterm infants are recommended to be given colostrum orally and pharyngeally as early as possible after birth to provide immune protective effects for their bodies. However, the sucking and swallowing functions of preterm infants are often not optimal, partly due to comorbidities, which poses a significant challenge. As a result, the immune system of preterm infants is often low. This literature review aimed to evaluate the effect of oropharyngeal colostrum feeding through subgroup analysis based on complications. Descriptive research was conducted in April-June 2024 using the literature review method with PRISMA guidelines for RCTs. Literature sources were obtained from Pubmed (MEDLINE), Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Cochrane with a publication limit of the last ten years (2014-2023). Of the 1,657 results, 13 articles met the criteria. A total of 1,451 preterm infants were included in the 13 RCT studies. Results showed a lower incidence of late-onset sepsis and Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) in the group that received oropharyngeal colostrum. The administration of oropharyngeal colostrum was shown to have a positive impact on the development and defense of the immune system of preterm infants, reduce health problems such as sepsis and NEC, accelerate the recovery of birth weight, and reduce the incidence of mortality.

The Relationship of Menstrual Hygiene Behavior with Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Female Prisoners: A Sequential Explanatory Analysis

Nur Purnama Sari — 2024-09-02

Menstrual hygiene behaviors, such as using clean sanitary napkins, washing the body with soap, and disposing of used sanitary napkins properly, play an important role in preventing menstrual disorders. This quantitative study aims to examine the relationship between menstrual hygiene behavior and menstrual cycle disorders in female prisoners in class II B women's prison in Padang city. Qualitative research aims to explore more deeply the behavior of inmates who experience menstrual cycle disorders in class II B women's prison in Padang city. This research used a combination method with a sequential explanatory design from November 2023 to March 2024, the research sample consisted of 73 female prisoners selected by purposive sampling. Quantitative data analysis using the chi-square test showed a significant association (p-value <0.001) between menstrual hygiene behavior and menstrual cycle disorders, while qualitative data through in-depth interviews identified two main themes: menstrual hygiene behavior and menstrual cycle disorders. In conclusion, poor menstrual hygiene behavior is associated with menstrual cycle disorders, so it is recommended that prison authorities increase supervision and provide better information on menstrual hygiene to prisoners.

Management of Immature Cataract and Islamic View of the Disease

Ahmad Ahmad — 2024-09-03

Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness in the world. According to the WHO, there are an estimated 39 million blind people in the world and half of them are caused by cataracts. This report presents the case of a 65-year-old male patient with complaints of blurred vision in the right eye since 5 years ago, the complaints were felt in both eyes but felt heavier in the right eye.Physical examination of the eyes found that the lens of the right eye was cloudy. Visus in the right eye was 1/300 and in the left eye was 20/63. There was partial clouding of the right lens. Then the patient was given cendo lyters eye drops 3 times a day 1 drop and the recommended surgical therapy was phacoemulcification.

The Relationship Between Working Time and Fatigue of Online Motorcycle Taxi Drivers in Medan

Ramadanil Ramadanil — 2024-09-03

A common problem among online motorcycle taxi drivers that can negatively affect their health and performance is fatigue. One factor that can reduce the level of fatigue is long working hours. Excessive working time can increase work errors due to increased fatigue and reduced sleep hours. This study aims to determine the effect of working time on fatigue of online motorcycle taxi drivers in the field of struggle. This research is quantitative using observational analytic method with cross sectional approach with univariate and bivariate analysis using chi-square test. The sampling technique with total sampling of 97 online motorcycle taxi riders. This study shows that there is an effect of working time with fatigue in online motorcycle taxi drivers in Medan city with a significance value of 0.00 <0.05. this study is that there is a relationship between the effect of working time and fatigue of online motorcycle taxi drivers in the city of Medan and for online motorcycle taxi drivers in the city of Medan to pay more attention to conditions while working, and not to work late at night. Because it can cause fatigue and worsen their sleep quality so as to develop a degree of health and safety in driving.

Effectiveness of Chronic Disease Management Program in Lowering Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients: Literature Review

Muhammad Alief Akbar — 2024-09-21

Chronic illnesses are a global health issue that kills people. Hypertension is a blood vessel disorder that compromises the body's tissues' oxygen and nutrient supply. In 2025, 1.5 billion people will have hypertension, and 9.4 million will die from it. This research review evaluates the Chronic Disease Management Program's blood pressure-lowering effects in hypertensive patients. A PRISMA Flow Diagram-based literature review. Downloading scientific papers from PubMed, Portal Garuda, and Google Scholar follows SINTA IV and V criteria. This article searches for Prolanis, blood pressure, and hypertension. Search results yielded 103 articles. Using inclusion criteria, 11 research publications were chosen for review. The study found that the chronic disease management program, which included medical consultations, Prolanis participant education, SMS gateway reminders, home visits, club activities (exercise), and health status monitoring, effectively lowered blood pressure in hypertension patients.

Therapeutic Communication in Providing Psychological and Social Support to Cancer Patients for the 'Surabaya Hebat' Cadre

Shinta Septia Iswidyanti — 2024-09-23

This study aims to enhance the knowledge capacity of Surabaya Hebat Cadres through training in social and psychological support for cancer patients and to improve the palliative care program for cancer patients. The designed community intervention, "Therapeutic Communication Training in Psychological and Social Support for Cancer Patients," is expected to improve the cadres' communication skills, enabling them to provide more effective support. This study employs a participatory descriptive design involving active participant engagement at every stage of the training, with a focus on evaluating the andragogic-based training program. The sample consists of all Surabaya Hebat Cadres in RW 3 Dukuh Setro Village, totaling 28 individuals, with data collected through participatory observation and questionnaires. Data analysis techniques include descriptive quantitative analysis using descriptive statistics and paired sample T-Test for the questionnaires. The results show that psychoeducation on therapeutic communication effectively improves the knowledge of Surabaya Hebat Cadres and can be integrated with the palliative program at Puskesmas. The improvement in cadres' communication skills contributes to more effective support for cancer patients, thereby enhancing their quality of life.

Sukralfat as a Therapy for Reducing Itching and Repairing the Skin Barrier: A Systematic Review

Vrenda Alia — 2024-09-25

Sucralate is an aluminum salt from sucrose octasulfate that is known for its anti-ulcer activity, mucosal protection, and anti-mucositis potential. Recently, sucralfat has been used topically for the healing of various epithelial wounds, including ulcers, inflammatory dermatitis, mucositis, and burns. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sucralfat as a topical therapy in reducing itching (pruritus) and improving the skin barrier. The analysis method used is Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). A literature search was conducted on studies from 2004 to 2024 using keywords such as "sucralfate", "pruritus", "dermatitis", and "skin barrier" on PubMed, ProQuest, Science Direct, and Scopus databases. Inclusion criteria include topic relevance, research design, human subjects, and United Kingdom-speaking studies. Of the 141 articles found, 7 articles met the inclusion criteria. These studies involved a total of 605 subjects from different countries and used clinical trial methods and randomized controlled trials. The results showed that topical sucralfat was effective in reducing itching and improving the skin barrier in various skin conditions such as diaper dermatitis, chronic ulcers, and postoperative wounds. Sukralfat shows great potential in wound healing and skin barrier repair through the mechanism of protective layer formation, increased expression of epidermal growth factors, and anti-inflammatory properties. This effect indirectly helps reduce pruritus which often occurs due to damage to the skin barrier. Topical succulthate is effective in reducing itching and repairing the skin barrier, making it a promising therapy for a variety of inflammatory and ulcerative skin conditions.

Exercise Promotes Mirnas’ Change in Cardiac Fibrosis

Nadia Alaydrus — 2024-09-25

Cardiac fibrosis is a pathological feature as a key factor in cardiac remodelling, thus progressing to heart failure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial intracellular mediators of various biological processes, involved in the regulation of physiological and pathological processes. Recently, it has been shown that miRNAs were found to play a role in exercise-induced cardioprotection. Studies in human and animal subject with variety of acute and chronic exercise were observed. This review highlights impacts of exercise on the miRNA levels associated with cardiac fibrosis.

Characteristics of Patients with Acute Respiratory Infections Using Antibiotics at Hospital X

Mega Haryani — 2024-09-25

Infection channel Respiratory acute (ARI) includes a number involving infections various part channel breath, of nose and throat until bronchi and lungs. Use antibiotics often required For treat ARI, though approach prevention like promotion cleanliness hands, management environment, and education society is also very important. Factors like type gender, age, education, occupation, marital status, and smoking status join in role in increase risk affected by ISPA. Study This aim For identify characteristics patients suffering from ARI with various aspect covers type gender, range age, level education, type employment, marital status, and smoking status. Study This use design descriptive observational that utilizes secondary data from notes document medical ARI patients at the center record Hospital. Total samples observed in study This is as many as 110 patients. Analysis show domination patient women (56.3%), which is possible influenced by factors biological, hormonal, and social. Age patients at Hospital X are dominated by groups age 18-30 years (50%), which is likely big influenced by style life and activities population on a range age This. Majority patient in study This own education undergraduate level (33.6%). Patients with work as employee private reached 30%, meanwhile percentage patients who smoke reached 54.5%, which shows significant prevalence in population This. In research This, of the total 110 patients at Hospital X, the majority is Woman. Group age the most is 18-30 years old, which is often active in a way social and productive. By education, in part big patient own background behind education high.

The Relationship between the Classic Triad of Meningitis and Types of Meningitis

Selma Nissa Budi Iftiyastuti — 2024-09-25

Meningitis is an inflammatory disease of the meninges caused by infection and non-infection. Based on WHO data for 2023, the CFR (Case Fatality Rate) for meningitis is 5.88%. In 2016 at the Southeast Asian level, Indonesia became the country with the highest mortality rate caused by meningitis. The classic triad of meningitis can assist in the early diagnosis of meningitis so that early management can be carried out to reduce mortality and morbidity if a cerebrospinal fluid examination is not possible immediately. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the characteristics of meningitis patients, prevalence, and the relationship between the classic triad of meningitis and the incidence of infectious and non-infectious meningitis at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital Yogyakarta in 2017-2021. This study uses a cross-sectional method. The data taken is secondary data from 118 medical records of patients who have been treated. From the results, it was obtained that the highest characteristics and distribution were the age category 0-5 years (27.1%), male sex (51.7%), the most domicile outside DIY (54.2%), no/not yet school (36.4%) not/not yet working (38.1%), bacterial meningitis (39.0%), fever (89.8%), neck stiffness (78.8%). There is a significant relationship between the classic triad of meningitis and the type of meningitis (p-value 0.000). Among the three triads, it turned out that there was a solid relationship between the classic triad of meningitis and the type of infectious meningitis as indicated p-value by neck stiffness 0.000, fever 0.000, and headache 0.000.

Relationship between Sleep Quality and Vertigo Incidence in College Students

Sitti Zhaharah Khairunnisah — 2024-10-02

One-third of adults are affected by poor sleep quality. Sleep problems are not only experienced by adults. Knowing the relationship between sleep quality and the incidence of vertigo is very important and urgent because of its very broad impact on health, understanding pathophysiology, clinical development, improving quality of life, as well as education and awareness in the community, especially students. In Indonesia, the prevalence of sleep disorders in adolescents is 62.9%. This study aims to determine the relationship between sleep quality and the incidence of vertigo in students. Literature review using Google Scholar, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) & Research Science found 9 journals based on inclusion & exclusion criteria. The results of the research is the relationship between sleep quality and vertigo involves a complex interaction between physiological and psychological factors. Physiological effects include disorientation and instability, motor coordination, and physiological stress responses such as cortisol. The psychological effects that can occur are anxiety, depression, decreased concentration, decreased cognitive function, and increased psychological discomfort. Lack of sleep in students makes vertigo symptoms worse. Lack of sleep will make vertigo symptoms worse. It is best to arrange the right sleeping position so that symptoms of vertigo do not occur, because vertigo can occur even in people who have never experienced it. The conclusion is there is a relationship between sleep quality and the incidence of vertigo in students.

Relationship between Family Support and Quality of Life in Stroke Patients

Noer Fitri Zhachrani — 2024-10-02

Stroke is a disease of the brain in the form of impaired local nerve function that appears suddenly, progressively, and quickly. Family support is very influential on stroke patients, because family support is very instrumental in a form of assistance provided by family members to provide physical and psychological comfort when someone experiences illness and provides social support. This article review aims to determine the relationship between family support and quality of life in stroke patients. This study used the literature review method with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews & Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Scientific articles or journals were downloaded from PubMed, Garuda Portal, and Google Scholar with SINTA IV and V standards within 2020-2024. In this literature, it was found that family support is an aspect that plays an important role in the quality of life of stroke patients. Family support itself includes emotional support, appreciation support, instrumental support and information support. The family is the closest person who always interacts with post-stroke patients, so the role of the family is very important in an effort to provide various supports that create a sense of security for patients.

The Relationship Between Knowledge, Information Exposure, and Cadre Support with Mothers' Visits for Under-Five Weighing Coverage in the Working Area of Pegambiran Health Center, Padang City, 2024

Septia Suherlis — 2024-10-04

Malnutrition is a major nutritional problem throughout the world. The highest number of nutritional problems occured in East Africa and Asia, including Indonesia. The Indonesian Ministry of Health conducted a survey and revealed that in Indonesia, 1 in 12 toddlers suffered from wasting, and 1 in 5 toddlers suffered from stunting (SSGI 2022). The scope of toddler weighing at Pagambiran health center with the indicators of (K/S) 99,84%, (N/D) 53,26% and (D/S) 13,4%, had not reached the strategic plan target which was 85%. The strategy used to reduce nutritional problems was to increase community participation through integrated health posts (posyandu). The purpose of this study was to determine the determinant factors related to mothers' visits to posyandu on the scope of weighing toddlers. The research method used was the combination method (mix method). The research was conducted from September 2023 to August 2024. The number of samples was 196 mothers who had children aged 12-59 months in the work area of Pegambiran Health Center using the sampling technique of cluster random sampling. The data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. This research data analysis was carried out using univariate and bivariate analysis. The result of statistical test, it was found out that the relationship knowledge (p-value 0.002), exposure information (p-value 0.007) and cadre support (p-value 0.000) to mothers' visits in the scope of toddler weighing.The conclusion of the research is that there is a significant relationship between knowledge, exposure information and cadre support to mothers' visits in the scope of toddler weighing at the work area of Pegambiran Health Center.

Combination of Moderate Intensity Exercise and Rose Petals Yoghurt Alters Blood Pressure and Soluble Rage Level in High Advanced Glycation End Products Diet Induced Wistar Rat

Ardhiyanti Puspita Ratna — 2024-10-04

A diet high in advanced glycation end products (AGEs) has been linked to an increased risk of hypertension and other vascular degenerative diseases. Some intervention such as moderate intensity exercise, yogurt probiotic intake and anthocyanin supplementation had been conducted separately, and showed promising effects. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of combining rose petal yoghurt and moderate intensity exercise in lowering blood pressure and sRAGE level in high AGEs diet induced model. This research was experimental study, using post test-only control group design. The animals that were used were white male rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain, divided into 5 groups. Group KN was given standar diet, KP was treated with high AGEs diet, KA was treated with high AGEs diet and combination of rose yoghurt and moderate exercise, KB was given high AGEs diet dan rose yoghurt, and KC group was treated with high AGEs diet and moderate exercise. After 12 weeks systolic and diastolic blood pressure was examined using Kent Scientific CODA blood pressure analyzer and sRAGE examined with ELISA technique. The result shows most decline in systolic and diastolic BP was at KC group which got a high AGEs diet and moderate intensity exercise. KC’s systolic BP was measured 120 ± 2.82 mmHg and diastolic at 77.25 ± 9.5 mmHg. The results of ELISA examination show KN has higher sRAGE level at 1865 ± 503.4 ng/L on the contrary KP has lower sRAGE level at 530 ± 78.6 ng/L.

Profile of Generalized Pustular Psoriasis Inpatient Installation at Dr. Moewardi General Hospital Surakarta from January 2018-December 2022

Nurul Hidayati — 2024-10-04

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a form of psoriasis characterised by the presence of sterile pustules. Its prevalence is between 2 and 3.5% of the population worldwide and in Indonesia it is 2.5% of the population. It can cause severe physical and psychosocial distress affecting the patient's quality of life. Objective: To describe the profile of GPP patients treated in the inpatient installation of Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta in the period of January 2018-December 2022. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using the secondary data of medical records of GPP patients treated in the inpatient installation of Dr. Moewardi Hospital from January 2018 to December 2022. Results: In the 5-year period, there were 23 GPP inpatients, predominated by female (78.26%) with the age ranged from 5 to 74 years old. Generalised pustular psoriasis mostly affected the age group of 41- 50 years old (26.04%). Most patients were hospitalized for 6–10 days (39.13%). The most common therapy was immunosuppressant (65.2%) followed by oral corticosteroids (26.1%) and zinc (17.4%). Most patients also received moisturizer therapy (56.5%). Generalised pustular psoriasis mostly affects people aged between 41 and 50 years old. Females are more prone to GPP. The therapy given are oral immunosuppressive regimens, oral corticosteroids, zinc, topical corticosteroids and moisturizers.