Spatial Analysis of Childhood Tuberculosis in Boyolali Regency
Abstract
Childhood tuberculosis (TB) in Boyolali Regency has shown a significant increase. Spatial analysis research has not previously been conducted in Boyolali, which prompted the researcher to investigate and analyze the spatial distribution patterns and clusters of childhood TB cases. This study employs a quantitative descriptive design and was conducted in the working area of the Boyolali Regency Health Office from March to June 2025. Sampling techniques involved secondary data geospatial collection, the use of geographic coordinates of primary health center administrative areas, and Google Earth. The data population included childhood TB cases in Boyolali Regency from 2021 to 2023, along with data on total population, population density, and BCG immunization coverage. The research instrument used a secondary data recording table. Data analysis was performed using QGIS and SaTScan software. The results identified significant clusters in the central and southern regions, particularly in the working areas of Boyolali 1 & 2, Mojosongo, Teras, and Banyudono health centers. Spatially, population density was found to influence the incidence of childhood TB cases, whereas BCG immunization coverage was not sufficient to suppress incidence rates.
References
Amalia, A. I., & Setiyadi, N. A. (2021). Analisis spasial tuberkulosis 2018–2020: Kabupaten Magelang, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Informasi dan Administrasi Kesehatan (JMIAK), 4(November), 1–9.
Arimaswati, S. H., Sudiro, T. Y., Ode, K. L., & Indrayani, N. N. (2022). Analisis faktor kejadian TB paru di Kabupaten Buton Tengah. Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan (J Nurs Updat), 13(1).
Bonney, R., Ballard, H., Jordan, R., McCallie, E., Phillips, T., Shirk, J., & Wilderman, C. C. (2009). Public Participation in Scientific Research: Defining the Field and Assessing Its Potential for Informal Science Education. A CAISE Inquiry Group Report. Online submission.
Bothamley, G. H., Adeoye, G., Heyckendorf, J., Rowan, J., & Singla, A. (2023). The differential diagnosis of Thoracic tuberculosis: a guide to Under-and over-diagnosis. In: The challenge of tuberculosis in the, 101, 90-103.
Brigden, G., Furin, J., Van Gulik, C., & Marais, B. (2015). Getting it right for children: improving tuberculosis treatment access and new treatment options. Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 13(4), 451-461. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2015.1015991
Bunga, E., & Basuki. (2022). Pengaruh lingkungan fisik rumah, riwayat kontak dan status gizi terhadap kejadian tuberkulosis anak di Kota Kupang. Jurnal Pangan Gizi dan Kesehatan, 11(2), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.51556/ejpazih.v11i2.215
Coleman, M., Martinez, L., Theron, G., Wood, R., & Marais, B. (2022). Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in high-incidence settings—new paradigms and insights. Pathogens, 11(11), 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111228
Deva, M. S. (2018). Analisis pengelompokan dan pemetaan kecamatan berdasarkan faktor penyebab penyakit TB paru di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman tahun 2016. Kesehatan Masyarakat, 1–101.
Dhanny, D. R., & Sefriantina, S. (2022). Hubungan asupan energi, asupan protein dan status gizi terhadap kejadian tuberkulosis pada anak. Muhammadiyah Journal of Nutrition and Food Science, 2(2), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.24853/mjnf.2.2.58-68
Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Boyolali. (2022). Profil kesehatan Kabupaten Boyolali tahun 2021. Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Boyolali.
Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Boyolali. (2023). Profil kesehatan Kabupaten Boyolali tahun 2022. Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Boyolali.
Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Boyolali. (2024). Profil kesehatan Kabupaten Boyolali tahun 2023. Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Boyolali.
Dinas Kesehatan Kota Yogyakarta. (2024). Arahan Sekda Kota Yogyakarta pada koordinasi TPCB Dinas Kesehatan. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Yogyakarta.
Fitriyani, S., & Sari, M. (2021). Analisis spasial temporal sosiodemografi dan variabilitas iklim terhadap kejadian tuberkulosis paru BTA positif di Provinsi Jawa Barat tahun 2013–2017. Jurnal Untuk Masyarakat Sehat (JUKMAS), 5(2), 140–150. https://doi.org/10.52643/jukmas.v5i2.1514
Girsang, V. I., Halawa, T. B. I., Saragih, F. L., & Purba, I. E. (2023). Analisis spasial sebaran kasus tuberkulosis (TB) paru BTA+ di Kota Medan. Jurnal Teknologi Kesehatan dan Ilmu Sosial (TEKESNOS), 5(1), 168–179.
Hajarsjah, N., Daulay, R. M., Ramayani, O. R., Dalimunthe, W., Daulay, R. S., & Meirina, F. (2018). Tuberculosis risk factors in children with smear-positive tuberculosis adult as household contact. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 58(2), 66–70. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi58.2.2018.66-70
Hartanto, D., Santoso, T., & Wulandari, R. D. (2023). Distribusi spasial kasus tuberkulosis paru di Kota Semarang. Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Masyarakat, 7(2), 100–110.
Hasnanisa, N., Prasetyo, S., & Handayani, Y. (2023). Faktor-faktor tuberkulosis paru: Analisis spasial. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Masyarakat, 15(September), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.52022/jikm.v15i3.466
Hussain, H., Malik, A., Ahmed, J. F., Siddiqui, S., Amanullah, F., Creswell, J., ... & Robberstad, B. (2021). Cost-effectiveness of household contact investigation for detection of tuberculosis in Pakistan. BMJ Open, 11(10), e049658. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049658
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2022). Profil kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2021. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Kuswantoro. (2002). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru primer pada anak balita. [Skripsi, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro]. Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.
Lestari, A. A., Makful, M. R., & C. O. (2021). Analisis spasial kepadatan penduduk terhadap kasus tuberkulosis di Provinsi Jawa Barat 2019–2021. Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika, 577–585. https://doi.org/10.36312/jcm.v3i2.1663
Lestari, A. A., Makful, M. R., & Okfriani, C. (2023). Analisis spasial kepadatan penduduk terhadap kasus tuberkulosis di Provinsi Jawa Barat 2019–2021. Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika, 577–585. https://doi.org/10.36312/jcm.v3i2.1663
O'Sullivan, M. (2008). Effective International Non-Governmental Organisation (INGO) and Local Non-Governmental Organisation (LNGO) partnerships in education programmes: a case study of an Irish INGO and its partner LNGOs in Ethiopia. Irish Educational Studies, 27(2), 159-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03323310802021920
Ozdemir, C., Kucuksezer, U. C., & Tamay, Z. U. (2020). Is BCG vaccination affecting the spread and severity of COVID-19? Allergy, 75(7). https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14344
Potts-Datema, W., Smith, B. J., Taras, H., Lewallen, T. C., Bogden, J. F., & Murray, S. (2005). Successful strategies and lessons learned from development of large-scale partnerships of national non-gowernmental organisations. Promotion & education, 12(3-4), 131-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03323310802021920
Purwoko, S., Cahyati, W. H., & Farida, E. (2020). Pemanfaatan sistem informasi geografis (SIG) dalam analisis sebaran penyakit menular TB BTA positif di Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat.
Questa, K., Das, M., King, R., Everitt, M., Rassi, C., Cartwright, C., ... & Elsey, H. (2020). Community engagement interventions for communicable disease control in low-and lower-middle-income countries: evidence from a review of systematic reviews. International journal for equity in health, 19(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01169-5
Rachmad, F., Miarsa, D., Nabila, I. N., Kusumawati, E., & Alief, M. (2025). Peningkatan kesadaran hukum pada masyarakat terhadap hak dan kewajiban dalam penanganan penyakit tuberculosis. Community Development Journal, 6(1), 693–699. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/cdj.v6i1.41908
Rachmawati, A., Latief, M. A., Debyanti, M., & Cancerita, S. (2021). Korelasi manifestasi klinis respiratorik dengan gambaran luas lesi tuberkulosis paru pada foto polos thoraks di RSUD Gunung Jati tahun 2021. Tunas Medika Jurnal Kedokteran & Kesehatan, 10(3).
Rajeshwar, X. (2024). Prevalence of undernutrition among children (6 months to 5 years) with tuberculosis and impact of nutritional counselling and tuberculosis treatment on the nutritional status: a cohort study from Pakistan (Master's thesis, The University of Bergen).
Randall, K., Ewing, E. T., Marr, L. C., Jimenez, J. L., & Bourouiba, L. (2021). How did we get here: what are droplets and aerosols and how far do they go? A historical perspective on the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases. Interface Focus, 11(6), 20210049. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2021.0049
Ratnasari, Y., Sjaaf, A. C., & Djunawan, A. (2021). Evaluasi sistem pencatatan dan pelaporan kasus tuberculosis di Rumah Sakit Syarif Hidayatullah. Jurnal Manajemen Kesehatan Yayasan RS. Dr. Soetomo, 7(1), 115–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.29241/jmk.v7i1.608
Roempoembo, F. Y. Y., & Winarti, E. (2024). Pengaruh metode penyuluhan audiovisual terhadap tingkat pengetahuan dan perilaku keluarga dalam pencegahan penyakit tuberkulosis. Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai, 5(1), 1252–1273.
Saputra, F. F., Wahjuni, C. U., & I. M. (2020). Spatial modeling of environmental-based risk factors of tuberculosis in Bali Province: An ecological study. Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbe.V8I12020.26-34
Siame, L., & Chama, G. C. (2025). Correlates of tuberculosis in children under the age of 15 years. PLOS ONE, 20(2), 1–8.
Srisantyorini, T., Nabilla, P., Herdiansyah, D., & Fajrini, F. (2019). Analisis spasial kejadian tuberkulosis di wilayah DKI Jakarta tahun 2017–2019. Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, 18(2), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.24853/jkk.18.2.131-138
Stadnytskyi, V., Anfinrud, P., & Bax, A. (2021). Breathing, speaking, coughing or sneezing: What drives transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2?. Journal of Internal Medicine, 290(5), 1010-1027. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13326
Sudana, D., Emanuel, A. W., & Fornia, A. S. (2020). Applying social-gamification for interactive learning in tuberculosis education. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 11(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2020.0110342
Swalehe, H. M., & Obeagu, E. I. (2024). Tuberculosis: Current diagnosis and management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2(1), 23-33.
Tamiima, L. (2022). Analisis spasial dan temporal kasus tuberkulosis di Kabupaten Sarolangun tahun 2015–2021. Universitas Jambi.
Vonasek, B., Ness, T., Takwoingi, Y., Kay, A. W., van Wyk, S. S., Ouellette, L., ... & Mandalakas, A. M. (2021). Screening tests for active pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013693.pub2
Wijaya, M. S., Mantik, M. F., & Rampengan, N. H. (2021). Faktor risiko tuberkulosis pada anak. e-CliniC, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.35790/ecl.v9i1.32117
World Health Organization. (2020). Global tuberculosis report 2020. World Health Organization.
Wu, Y., Huang, M., Wang, X., Li, Y., Jiang, L., & Yuan, Y. (2020). The prevention and control of tuberculosis: An analysis based on a tuberculosis dynamic model derived from the cases of Americans. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1173. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09260-w
Wulanda, A. F., & Delilah. (2021). Efektivitas imunisasi BCG terhadap kejadian tuberkulosis anak di Kabupaten Bangka: Effectiveness of BCG immunization against children’s tuberculosis incidence in Bangka Regency. Jurnal Kesehatan Poltekkes Kemenkes RI Pangkalpinang, 9(1), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.32922/jkp.v9i1.333
Yang, T. L., Lee, C. M., Lee, K. L., Yen, T. Y., Lu, C. Y., Lee, P. I., ... & Chang, L. Y. (2021). Clinical features of tuberculosis and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-associated adverse effects in children: a 12-year study. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 120(1), 443-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.06.012
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal La Medihealtico
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
