Timor-Leste's Decision to Maintain Cooperation with Singapore Following the Rejection of Full ASEAN Membership

Abstract

This article examines the dynamics of bilateral relations between Timor-Leste and Singapore following Singapore’s rejection of Timor-Leste's full membership in ASEAN. Although Singapore refused Timor-Leste's membership due to resource limitations, bilateral relations remain intact and cooperation continues. This article argues that Timor-Leste's decision to maintain good relations with Singapore is driven by its political, economic, and social interests within ASEAN. Through Joseph Frankel’s concept of national interest and qualitative data, this study concludes that Singapore's support and its role as the responsible party for the ASEAN Economic Community pillar influences Timor-Leste's economic eligibility as a full ASEAN member. Singapore’s technical assistance programs, such as the Singapore Cooperation Programme (SCP) and Singapore-Timor Leste ASEAN Readiness Support (STARS), contribute to enhancing Timor-Leste’s human resource capacity and quality in preparation process towards full membership in ASEAN. This article demonstrates that small states continue to prioritize their national interests despite facing opposition from other countries. Achieving full ASEAN membership remains Timor-Leste’s primary objective, setting aside emotional factors in international relations dynamics.