Vehicle Trip Generation Modeling Based on Building Characteristics and Commercial Activities in Commercial and Service Areas
Abstract
This study aims to develop a vehicle trip attraction model based on building characteristics and commercial activities at Mie Gacoan Pandaan. A quantitative approach with a field survey method was employed. Data were collected through observation, traffic counting, documentation, and secondary sources, then analyzed using multiple linear regression with IBM SPSS Statistics. The resulting model is Y = -11.361 + 0.359X₁ + 0.455X₂ + 0.268X₃ + 0.266X₄ + 0.276X₅ + 0.448X₆. The results indicate that building area, parking capacity, seating capacity, number of visitors, operating hours, and number of employees have positive and significant effects on vehicle trip attraction. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.891 indicates that the model explains 89.1% of the variation in vehicle trip attraction. Parking capacity is the most dominant factor affecting vehicle trip attraction. The proposed model can be used as a reference for Traffic Impact Analysis and transportation planning in commercial and service areas.
References
Abdullah, A. F. (2024). Big data analytics for enhanced traffic flow optimization in urban transportation networks. Journal of Applied Cybersecurity Analytics, Intelligence, and Decision-Making Systems, 14(12), 45-53.
Anggraeini, O. S., & Basuki, Y. (2016). TEKNIK PWK (Perencanaan Wilayah Kota) Model Tarikan Perjalanan Pengunjung Pusat Perbelanjaan Java Mall Semarang How to cite (APA 6th Style). 11(1), 9–13. http://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/pwk
Apriyanti, M. E. (2024). The importance of tourism infrastructure in increasing domestic and international tourism. International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS), 3(4), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v3i4.46
Basuki, Y., Rahayu, S., & Rahmawati, N. W. (2020a). Pemodelan Tarikan Perjalanan Kawasan Perdagangan Jasa Skala Kecil di Jalan Sukun Raya Banyumanik. JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH & KOTA, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v16i1.23025
Basuki, Y., Rahayu, S., & Rahmawati, N. W. (2020b). Pemodelan Tarikan Perjalanan Kawasan Perdagangan Jasa Skala Kecil di Jalan Sukun Raya Banyumanik. JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH & KOTA, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v16i1.23025
Calderón, O., Vergel-Tovar, C. E., & Cantillo, V. (2025). Transportation and land use: Research priorities for Latin America and the Caribbean. Latin American Transport Studies, 3, 100024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.latran.2025.100024
Cao, Z. (2022). Integrating station-area development with rail transit networks: lessons from Japan railway in Tokyo. Urban Rail Transit, 8(3), 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40864-022-00171-0
Chen, P., Wang, W., Qian, C., Cao, M., & Yang, T. (2024). Gravity-based models for evaluating urban park accessibility: Why does localized selection of attractiveness factors and travel modes matter?. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 51(4), 904-922. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231206168
Çolak, M. A., & Bayrak, O. Ü. (2025). Predictive Modeling of Urban Travel Demand Using Neural Networks and Regression Analysis. Urban Science, 9(6), 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9060195
George, P., & Kattor, G. J. (2018). FORECASTING TRIP ATTRACTION BASED ON COMMERCIAL LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2321–7308. http://www.ijret.org
Geremew, G. (2026). Modeling and analyzing the impact of on-street parking on traffic flow: a study of the main highway in Debre Markos Town, Ethiopia. Transportation, 53(2), 783-817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-024-10513-5
Göransson, J., & Andersson, H. (2023). Factors that make public transport systems attractive: a review of travel preferences and travel mode choices. European Transport Research Review, 15(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-023-00609-x
Haque, M. M., Chin, H. C., & Debnath, A. K. (2013). Sustainable, safe, smart—three key elements of Singapore’s evolving transport policies. Transport policy, 27, 20-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.11.017
He, Y., Liu, B., Xu, C., & Wu, D. (2025). Literature Review on Public Transport and Land Use: Based on CiteSpace Statistical Analysis. Land, 14(5), 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051096
Huang, Z., Yin, G., Peng, X., Zhou, X., & Dong, Q. (2023). Quantifying the environmental characteristics influencing the attractiveness of commercial agglomerations with big geo-data. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 50(9), 2470-2490. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231158370
Izzah, J., & Khofifah. (2025). Analisis model tarikan perjalanan terhadap tata guna lahan rumah sakit (Studi kasus Rumah Sakit Hermina Rejoso). JUMATISI: Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi dan Teknik Sipil, 6(2), 511–519. https://doi.org/10.24127/jumatisi.v6i2.9744
Jelti, F., Allouhi, A., & Tabet Aoul, K. A. (2023). Transition paths towards a sustainable transportation system: a literature review. Sustainability, 15(21), 15457. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115457
Kalfas, D., Kalogiannidis, S., Ambas, V., & Chatzitheodoridis, F. (2024). Contribution of the cultural and creative industries to regional development and revitalization: A European perspective. Urban science, 8(2), 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8020039
Kesarovski, T., & Hernández-Palacio, F. (2023). Time, the other dimension of urban form: Measuring the relationship between urban density and accessibility to grocery shops in the 10-minute city. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 50(1), 44-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221103259
Li, J., Ma, Y., Li, L., & Hou, Y. (2025). Study on the correlation between transportation development and urban expansion in China from the perspective of spatio-temporal heterogeneity. Land, 14(12), 2326. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14122326
Liu, Z., Ma, S., & Jiang, C. (2026, April). An Improved Gravity Model Approach for Tourist Flow Distribution of Ride-Hailing Services in Scenic Areas. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Machine Intelligence and Digital Applications (pp. 1153-1160). https://doi.org/10.1145/3801438.3801479
Ma, Z., Li, C., Zhang, P., Zhang, J., Liu, D., & Xie, M. (2023). The impact of transportation on commercial activities: The stories of various transport routes in Changchun, China. Cities, 132, 103979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103979
Marwal, A., & Silva, E. (2022). Literature review of accessibility measures and models used in land use and transportation planning in last 5 years. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 32(3), 560-584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-022-1961-1
Meyer, M. D. (2016). Transportation planning handbook. John Wiley & Sons.
Mwale, M., Luke, R., & Pisa, N. (2022). Factors that affect travel behaviour in developing cities: A methodological review. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 16, 100683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100683
Mystakidis, A., Koukaras, P., & Tjortjis, C. (2025). Advances in traffic congestion prediction: An overview of emerging techniques and methods. Smart Cities, 8(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8010025
Park, E., & Widyanta, A. (2022). Food tourism experience and changing destination foodscape: An exploratory study of an emerging food destination. Tourism Management Perspectives, 42, 100964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100964
Rossello Nadal, J., & Santana Gallego, M. (2022). Gravity models for tourism demand modeling: Empirical review and outlook. Journal of Economic Surveys, 36(5), 1358-1409. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12502
Talpur, M. A. H., Khahro, S. H., Ali, T. H., Waseem, H. B., & Napiah, M. (2023). Computing travel impendences using trip generation regression model: a phenomenon of travel decision-making process of rural households: MAH Talpur et al. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(7), 5973-5996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02288-5
Wagh, S. K., Andhale, A. A., Wagh, K. S., Pansare, J. R., Ambadekar, S. P., & Gawande, S. H. (2024). Customer churn prediction in telecom sector using machine learning techniques. Results in Control and Optimization, 14, 100342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rico.2023.100342
Wang, Y., Luo, R., & Yang, X. (2025). Urban traffic state sensing and analysis based on etc data: A survey. Applied Sciences, 15(12), 6863. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126863
Wu, H., Yu, J., Ai, S., Zhou, P., & Chen, Y. (2024). Site suitability evaluation of a large commercial complex using an improved projection pursuit model. Buildings, 14(6), 1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061586
Xia, L., Baghaie, S., & Sajadi, S. M. (2024). The digital economy: Challenges and opportunities in the new era of technology and electronic communications. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 15(2), 102411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102411
Xia, X., Li, T., & He, X. (2023, July). Analysis of the Interaction between Urban Transportation and Land Use Based on Multi-Perspectives Method. In 2023 Smart City Challenges & Outcomes for Urban Transformation (SCOUT) (pp. 129-134). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCOUT58937.2023.00034
Xiang, J., Ghaffarpasand, O., & Pope, F. D. (2024). Assessing the impact of calendar events upon urban vehicle behaviour and emissions using telematics data. Smart Cities, 7(6), 3071-3094. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7060120
Yan, Y., & Chen, Q. (2024). Spatial heterogeneity and nonlinearity study of bike-sharing to subway connections from the perspective of built environment. Sustainable Cities and Society, 114, 105766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105766
Yıkmış, S., Türkol, M., Abdi, G., İmre, M., Alkan, G., Aslan, S. T., ... & Aadil, R. M. (2024). Culinary trends in future gastronomy: A review. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 18, 101363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101363
Zhang, W., Dai, Y., Hu, Z., Cao, R., Yu, C., & Li, W. (2025). Rethinking dynamic interactions between commuting public transit modal share and land use patterns. Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics, 13(1), 2514477. https://doi.org/10.1080/21680566.2025.2514477
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal La Multiapp
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
