Comparative Analysis of Steel and Timber Truss Structural Strength in Shophouse Buildings Using the Structure Analysis Program Method
Abstract
Wood and steel trusses are two types of materials commonly used in building roof structures, each with its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of strength, durability, cost, aesthetics, and other aspects. This study examines steel and wood trusses from the aspect of strength by designing both types of trusses and then determining the quality of wood and steel materials for analysis using a structural analysis program. The truss design has a span of 18 m with a roof slope of 30°, and the trusses are spaced 2 m apart. The total area of the shop-house building is 12 m × 18 m = 216 m², with a height of 4 m. The truss material uses steel with a grade of BJ 37, while the wood is grade A. The structure of the shop-house uses concrete with a strength of 25 MPa. The dead load consists of a uniform load of 50 kg/m² for the trusses and 150 kg/m² for the shop-house. The live load for the roof (liveroof) is 50 kg/m², while the live load for the shop-house floor is a uniform load of 100 kg/m². The load combination used in the analysis is 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr. The analysis results show that the bending moment, shear force, and axial force of the steel truss are greater than those of the wood truss because the self-weight of the steel truss is higher than that of the wood truss. The deflection of both steel and wood trusses remains within the allowable limit of 0.3, indicating that the deflections are safe. Based on the structural design check, both steel and wood trusses are safe to use.
References
Abdullah, A., Syarif, M., Imran, M., Yusri, A., Idrus, I., Artayani, M., ... & Tiagas, D. H. (2024). Struktur Dan Konstruksi Bangunan Sederhana. Makassar: TOHAR MEDIA.
Abed, J., Rayburg, S., Rodwell, J., & Neave, M. (2022). A Review of the Performance and Benefits of Mass Timber as an Alternative to Concrete and Steel for Improving the Sustainability of Structures. Sustainability, 14(9), 5570. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095570
Adekunle, L. N., Igeimokhia, B. J., Olalekan, O., & Akorede, M. M. (2024). A Comparative Study of Structural Analysis and Performance of Akoko Timber Species for Roof Truss in Nigeria. Journal of Civil Engineering, 16(1), 44-55.
Adshead, D., Thacker, S., Fuldauer, L. I., & Hall, J. W. (2019). Delivering on the Sustainable Development Goals through long-term infrastructure planning. Global Environmental Change, 59, 101975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101975
Ali, M. M., & Moon, K. S. (2018). Advances in structural systems for tall buildings: emerging developments for contemporary urban giants. Buildings, 8(8), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8080104
Aproga, I. D. R., Wibowo, B. S., & Tugiman, T. (2025). Analisis Perbandingan Biaya Pada Penggunaan Material Kayu Dan Ba. Ja Ringan Sebagai Konstruksi Kuda-Kuda. Statika: Jurnal Teknik Sipil, 11(1), 28-33.
Arditama, N. F., & Rasidi, N. (2021). Perencanaan Bekisting Dan Perancah Pada Gedung Bertingkat Dengan Sistem Zonasi (Studi Kasus Proyek Apartemen Darmohill Surabaya). Jurnal Online Skripsi Manajemen Rekayasa Konstruksi (JOS-MRK), 2(3), 90-98.
Ariani, R., Lutfi, M., & Chayati, N. (2015). Analisis Struktur Rangka Baja Akibat Substitusi Material Dengan Metode LRFD (Studi kasus: PT. Avindo Bangun Gemilang). ASTONJADRO, 4(2), 25-41.
Balasbaneh, A. T., Sher, W., & Yeoh, D. (2022). Recommending a new building structure to alleviate environmental impact in tropical climates: increasing the use of wood in construction. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 27(7), 885-901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02074-5
Cudicio, Y., & i Gardella, N. B. (2024). Adaptive Reuse as a Tool for Sustainable Urban Development: The Case Study of Singapore, Southeast Asia. Journal of Urban Culture Research, 29, 184-201. https://doi.org/10.14456/jucr.2024.26
Fitriyanti, F., & Ismawati, I. (2024). Perbandingan Penggunaan Atap Seng Dan Atap Bahan Spandek Ditinjau Dari Segi Biaya Dan Kekuatan Pada Pembangunan Sd Inpres Ujung Pandang Baru. Jurnal Teknik Sipil Universitas Lamappapoleonro, 2(2), 70-77.
Gupta, R., & Limkatanyoo, P. (2008). Practical approach to designing wood roof truss assemblies. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 13(3), 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0680(2008)13:3(135)
Hassan, H. Z., & Saeed, N. M. (2024). Advancements and applications of lightweight structures: a comprehensive review. Discover Civil Engineering, 1(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-024-00049-z
Hermawan, F., Titaley, A. G., Firdaus, N. R., & Hatmoko, J. U. D. (2023). Pemetaan Kondisi Bangunan Kawasan Heritage Semarang dan Nilai Lahan Akibat Perubahan Fungsi. Jurnal Riptek, 17(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35475/riptek.v17i1.186
Hromada, E., Macek, D., Heralova, R. S., Brožová, L., & Střelcová, I. (2024). Integrating Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Sustainable Maintenance of Historic Buildings. Buildings, 14(5), 1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051479
Huang, B., Liu, X., Liu, L., Li, Z., Wu, Z., Huang, B., & Jia, Z. (2025). Unveiling the Influencing Factors of the Residual Life of Historical Buildings: A Study of the Wuhan Lutheran Missions Home and Agency Building. Buildings, 15(2), 246.
Ikhsan, M. N., Purnamasari, E., Dewi, S., Yanto, J., & Wahyudi, R. (2024). Analisa Perbandingan Struktur Rangka Atap Kayu Dengan Baja Ringan Dari Segi Ketahanan Dan Kegagalan Konstruksi. Journal Information Technology Engineering And Science, 3(2).
Khan, K., Chen, Z., Liu, J., & Javed, K. (2023). State-of-the-art on technological developments and adaptability of prefabricated industrial steel buildings. Applied Sciences, 13(2), 685. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020685
Krentowski, J. R. (2021). Assessment of destructive impact of different factors on concrete structures durability. Materials, 15(1), 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010225
Lippke, B., Oneil, E., Harrison, R., Skog, K., Gustavsson, L., & Sathre, R. (2011). Life cycle impacts of forest management and wood utilization on carbon mitigation: knowns and unknowns. Carbon Management, 2(3), 303-333. https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.11.24
Malekpour, S., Brown, R. R., & De Haan, F. J. (2015). Strategic planning of urban infrastructure for environmental sustainability: Understanding the past to intervene for the future. Cities, 46, 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.05.003
Mulyadi, R., Wijaya, S., & Suwarjo, S. (2020). Analisa struktur rangka atap Gedung Rektorat Universitas Muara Bungo (rangka kuda-kuda type single frame beam). Jurnal Komposits, 1(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36355/jkts.v1i1.304
Octavia, S., Raubaba, H. S., & Simorangkir, Y. V. (2019, October). Wood and steel as a material alternative of concrete replacement in house structures in merauke city. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 343, No. 1, p. 012231). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012231
Oyebode, O. J., Sunday, A., Ahmed, S. A., Ajibade, S. S., Chukwudulue, J. A., Okokpujie, I. P., ... & Coker, A. O. (2025). Building Resilient and Environmentally Conscious Infrastructure Landscape through Integrated Approaches of Architectural, Urban Planning and Civil Engineering Design. NIPES JSTR SPECIAL ISSUE, 7(2), 3855-3863. https://doi.org/10.37933/nipes/7.4.2025.SI478
Pandit, A., Minné, E. A., Li, F., Brown, H., Jeong, H., James, J. A. C., ... & Crittenden, J. C. (2017). Infrastructure ecology: an evolving paradigm for sustainable urban development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 163, S19-S27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.010
Parthasarathy, A., Mahalingam, S., Sridharan, S., Chethala, S. P. K., & Vidjeapriya, R. (2021). Comparative Analysis of 3D Steel and Glulam Trusses Using ABAQUS. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1197(1), 012006. https://doi.org/DOI10.1088/1757-899X/1197/1/012006
Paryati, N. (2025). Analisis Kuda-Kuda Baja dengan Metode Titik Buhul dan Structure Analisis Program (SAP) 2000. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research, 5(3), 394–405. https://doi.org/10.31004/innovative.v5i3.18881
Pipinato, A. (2018). Extending the lifetime of steel truss bridges by cost-efficient strengthening interventions. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 14(12), 1611-1627. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2018.1465103
Prati, D., Massafra, A., & Guardigli, L. (2022). Wide-span timber trusses in the area of Bologna: a case study analysis and comparison. TEMA, 8(SI), 113–120. https://doi.org/113-120[10.30682/tema08SIu]
Punhagui, K. R., & John, V. M. (2022). Carbon dioxide emissions, embodied energy, material use efficiency of lumber manufactured from planted forest in Brazil. Journal of Building Engineering, 52, 104349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104349
Qin, H., & Stewart, M. G. (2019). System fragility analysis of roof cladding and trusses for Australian contemporary housing subjected to wind uplift. Structural Safety, 79, 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2019.03.005
Siron, N., Majid, T. A., & Zaini, S. S. (2021, August). Experimental investigation on the effects of overhang length variations of steel roof cladding under uplift pressure. In Structures (Vol. 32, pp. 2032-2041). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.04.007
Tenório, M., Ferreira, R., Belafonte, V., Sousa, F., Meireis, C., Fontes, M., ... & Branco, J. M. (2024). Contemporary strategies for the structural design of multi-story modular timber buildings: A comprehensive review. Applied Sciences, 14(8), 3194. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083194
Tüfekci, M., Tüfekci, E., & Dikicioğlu, A. (2020). Numerical investigation of the collapse of a steel truss roof and a probable reason of failure. Applied Sciences, 10(21), 7769. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217769
Yansiku, I. S. I., Brekang, H. P., & Erwin, Y. F. (2025). Perencanaan Struktur Baja untuk Konstruksi Gedung. Purbalingga: CV Eureka Media Aksara.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal La Multiapp
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
