Permanent Deformation Analysis of Modified Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course Mixtures Using Wheel Tracking Machine
Abstract
The issue of permanent deformation (rutting) on pavement layers, particularly in high-traffic load areas such as toll gates, is one of the main causes of premature damage to road infrastructure in Indonesia. This study aims to evaluate the performance of Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixtures modified by the addition of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) polymer, along with industrial waste materials such as fly ash as filler and bottom ash as fine aggregate. The method used is an experimental laboratory approach involving a series of tests, including material characterization, the Marshall Test to determine the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC), and further testing using the Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM) to assess the asphalt mixture’s resistance to repeated loading-induced deformation. The results show that the addition of EVA and FABA (fly ash and bottom ash) improves Marshall stability and reduces permanent deformation compared to conventional mixtures. The modified mixture demonstrates higher dynamic stability, indicating better rutting resistance at elevated temperatures. In addition to enhancing technical performance, the use of fly ash and bottom ash contributes to waste reduction and supports the application of sustainable development principles in civil engineering. Therefore, this combination of modified materials holds great potential as an alternative for stronger, more durable, and environmentally friendly pavement materials.
References
Adil, A., Liana, Y., Mayasari, R., Lamonge, A. S., Ristiyana, R., Saputri, F. R., Jayatmi, I., Satria, E. B., Permana, A. A., & Rohman, M. M. (2023). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif: Teori dan Praktik. Jakarta: Get Press Indonesia.
Arifin, M. Z., Senin, I. F., Bowoputro, H., Kore, D. M. H., Ingsih, I. S., & Putri, F. F. B. (2024). The effect of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic addition to AC-WC in a wet mixture on increase of asphalt stability. EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, (2), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2024.003328
Diab, A., Pais, J., Chen, S., Gupta, A., Li, X., You, L., & Hasan, M. R. M. (2022). High, intermediate and low temperature performance appraisal of elastomeric and plastomeric asphalt binders and mixes. Journal of Elastomers & Plastics, 54(2), 225-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00952443211038663
Faras, M. A., Pataras, M., & Kadarsa, E. (2020). Pengaruh Pemanfaatan Material Sisa Pembakaran Batubara (Fly Ash dan Bottom Ash) PLTU Banjarsari Kab. Lahat Terhadap Laston AC-WC Menggunakan Metode Marshall.
Hasrul, M. R., Asrib, A. R., Rahman, M. J., Helmy, A. R. A. P., Romadhani, N. F., Asnur, M. K. M., & Hasrul, M. I. (2025). Impact of Overdimension and Overloading Vehicles on Road Longevity. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 13(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2024.299653
Kantala, P. N., Arifin, S., & Pradani, N. (2025). Study of the Effect of Mixing Temperature of LDPE-Modified AC-WC on Mixture Voids Using SEM and XRF Analysis. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 10(7), 1279-1294.
Liu, Z., Gu, X., Ren, H., Li, S., & Dong, Q. (2023). Permanent Deformation Monitoring and Remaining Life Prediction of Asphalt Pavement Combining Full‐Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing and FEM. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 2023(1), 6932621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6932621
Miftahulkhair, M., Arifin, M. Z., & Sutikno, F. R. (2024). REVEALING THE IMPACT OF LOSSES ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DUE TO VEHICLE OVERLOADING. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 128(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2024.299653
Mubarak, H. (2016). Analisa tingkat kerusakan perkerasan jalan dengan metode pavement condition index (PCI) studi kasus: jalan Soekarno Hatta Sta. 11+ 150 sd 12+ 150. Jurnal Saintis, 16(1), 94–109.
Nizamuddin, S., Boom, Y. J., & Giustozzi, F. (2021). Sustainable Polymers from Recycled Waste Plastics and their Virgin Counterparts as Bitumen Modifiers: A Comprehensive Review. Polymers 2021, 13, 3242. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193242
Pan, Y., Guo, H., Guan, W., & Zhao, Y. (2023). A laboratory evaluation of factors affecting rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures using wheel tracking test. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e02148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02148
Pataras, M., Arliansyah, J., Kadarsa, E., Fatimah, N. S., & Diningrum, N. A. K. (2023, June). Material substitution for flexible pavement using waste material fly ash and bottom ash from Bukit Asam electric steam power plant. In 6th FIRST 2022 International Conference (FIRST-ESCSI-22) (pp. 220-232). Atlantis Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-118-0_24
Phan, H. T., Le, V. P., & Lee, H. J. (2022). Application of dynamic stability criterion in evaluating field rutting of asphalt pavements using the wheel tracking test. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements, 148(2), 04022019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/JPEODX.0000375
Prastyanto, C. A. (2018). Dampak Beban Berlebih (Overloaded) Pada Kendaraan Berat Terhadap Persamaan Equivalent Axle Load (Eal) Pada Perencanaan Perkerasan Jalan Berdasarkan Teori Deformasi Permanen (Permanent Deformation). Disertasi. Jurusan Teknik Sipil FTSP. ITS.
Rahat, M. H. H. (2022). A Process for Utilizing Disposable Face Masks in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Pavement Construction. East Carolina University.
Ramadhani, R., Arliansyah, J., Kadarsa, E., Rahman, H., Jimmyanto, H., Yusuf, A. A., & Ammarullah, M. I. (2025). Bio-Based Rice Husk Ash as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Pre-Vulcanized Latex Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course Mixtures. Journal of Natural Fibers, 22(1), 2517668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2025.2517668
Rini, T. S., Pratiknyo, Y. B., Kusuma, M. N., Dianbudianto, W., & Fitriani, N. (2020). Selection methods of fly ash and bottom ash utilization from steam power plant 350–500 Mw as building substitution material. Pollution Research Paper, 39(4), 1137-1139.
Roy-Chowdhury, A. B., Saleh, M. F., & Moyers-Gonzalez, M. (2022). Empirical correlation of the modified wheel tracker (MWT) and the dynamic creep test for evaluating the permanent deformation of hot mix asphalt (HMA). Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 49(5), 802-812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2020-0599
Saliko, D., & Erlingsson, S. (2021). Damage investigation of thin flexible pavements to Longer Heavier Vehicle loading through instrumented road sections and numerical calculations. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 22(sup1), S575-S591. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2021.1899964
Salsabilla, D. (2024). Design of Pavement Structure Based on An Empirical Mechanistic Design Approach for Roads with AC-WC Asphalt Mixture Using Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA) and Modifiers. International Journal Applied Technology Research, 5(3), 225-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28820.51848
Siregar, Z., Asfiati, S., & Gultom, M. H. (2023). Asphalt 60/70 Penetration Analysis of AC/BC Mixture With the Addition of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) As Asphalt Raw Material. ASTONJADRO, 12(2), 558-570. http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/astonjadro.v12i2.9424
Suherman, S. (2013). PENGARUH POLIMER EVA (ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE) TERHADAP KINERJA CAMPURAN LAPIS ANTARA (AC-BC). SITEKIN: Jurnal Sains, Teknologi Dan Industri, 10(2), 169–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/sitekin.v10i2.532
Sukarman, S. (2003). Beton aspal campuran panas. Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Suparma, B. L., & Laos, D. S. (2015). Pengaruh penggunaan aspal modifikasi EVA (EVA-MA) pada perancangan campuran beton aspal. The 18th FSTPT International Symposium Unila, 28, 1–10.
Susanta, G., & Sutjahjo, H. (2007). Akankah Indonesia tenggelam akibat pemanasan global? Niaga Swadaya.
Syarkawi, M. T., Gusdi, A. J., & Rusman, S. R. (2019). Analisa Deformasi Penggunaan Limbah Marmer sebagai Filler pada Campuran Aspal Beton. Jurnal Teknik Sipil MACCA, 4(1), 28–40. https://doi.org/10.33096/jtsm.v4i1.359
Umboh, A. H., Sumajouw, M. D. J., & Windah, R. S. (2014). Pengaruh pemanfaatan abu terbang (fly ash) dari PLTU II Sulawesi Utara sebagai substitusi parsial semen terhadap kuat tekan beton. Jurnal Sipil Statik, 2(7), 352–358.
Wibowo, A., Radinal, R., & Nasution, A. E. (2020). Perencanaan Perkerasan Jalan Raya Dengan Metode Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan (MDPJ) No. 02/B/BM/2013 Beserta Estimasi Biaya (Studi Kasus Peningkatan Jalan Pada Ruas Kebun Sayur–Talang Kawo Kabupaten Merangin). Jurnal KOMPOSITS, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.36355/jkts.v1i1.299
Wibowo, H. E. R. I., Riani, E. T. T. Y., & Kurniawan, B. U. D. I. (2018). Analysis of Fly Ash Disposal Problem in Coal-Fired Steam Power Plant: Study At Pltu Xyz, Indonesia. Journal of Industrial Pollution, 34(1), 1976-1983.
Yang, Z., Sun, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Oh, E., & Ma, Z. (2025). A systematic evaluation of the empirical relationships between the resilient modulus and permanent deformation of pavement materials. Buildings, 15(5), 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050663
Yao, H., Zeng, J., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Li, X., Dai, Q., & You, Z. (2024). Perspectives on the application of waste materials in asphalt based on molecular dynamics simulations: A review. Energy & Fuels, 38(16), 14839-14865. http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c01916
Yosevina, Y. (2022). Pengaruh Penggunaan Aspal Modifikasi Polimer Ethyl Vinyl Acetat (EVA) Terhadap Campuran Laston Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC): The Effect Of The Use Of Ethyl Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Modification Polymer On Mixed Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC). Media Ilmiah Teknik Sipil, 10(2), 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/mits.v10i2.3500
Zhou, Q., Ramakrishnan, A., Fakhreddine, M., Okte, E., & Al-Qadi, I. L. (2024). Impacts of heavy-duty electric trucks on flexible pavements. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 25(1), 2361087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2024.2361087
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal La Multiapp
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
