The implementation of policies and the impact of handling Covid-19 originating from the World Health Organization's Point of View

The purpose of this article is to describe the capacity and role of WHO in dealing with the spread of COVID-19 and to discuss in-depth articles at the stages of policy implementation that specifically discuss the WHO protocol that is applied in dealing with the spread of Covid-19. The implementation of the policy to handle the spread of COVID-19 considers various aspects not only health but also the economic and social impacts resulting from government decision making. In addition, response measures are implemented through the Acceleration of COVID-19 Handling task which is part of the formation of structures, structure is one of the aspects that are considered in Edward III's implementation theory besides communication, resources and disposition because the presence of a structure helps implement policies has a significant effect. on policy implementation. The support of all elements of the government, the private sector in compliance with government and WHO instructions, especially regarding social distancing and physical distancing, will have a big impact in preventing the spread of COVID-19.


Introduction
Coronavirus disease  is an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered coronavirus. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. This virus was found in Wuhan China for the first time and has infected it (Backer et al., 2020;Huang et al., 2020). The spread of this disease attracts the attention of all parties, both at home and abroad, even the WHO, which is one of the United Nations agencies that acts as an international public health coordinator and is headquartered in Geneva.
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus officially announced the Corona virus (COVID-19) as a pandemic (WHO, 2020). A pandemic is a global disease outbreak. Pandemics have a big impact when new diseases spread around the world in uncontrolled numbers (Colizza, et al., 2007). On January 30, 2020 WHO has designated it as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (KKMMD / PHEIC). The increase in the number of COVID-19 cases is happening fast enough and there has been a spread between countries.
WHO has published laboratory testing guidelines for COVID19 in suspected human cases. Recognizing that the global spread of COVID-19 has dramatically increased the number of suspected cases and geographic areas where laboratory testing needs to be carried out, intensive COVID-19 molecular testing has led to a global shortage of molecular testing reagents for COVID-19 and for other molecular diagnostics. Beyond supply issues, there are significant absorption capacity limitations in many areas, especially in low and middle income countries (WHO, 2020). The local government has separately announced measures to contain the outbreak in its territory, including those relating to public crowds. On the other hand, to prevent JOURNAL LA SOCIALE VOL. 02, ISSUE 01 (025-030), 2021  the spread of corona from abroad, Immigration has issued a protocol for granting visas and residence permits in an effort to prevent the entry of the Corona virus. This initial effort is said to have had no effect because currently COVID-19 has infected a number of people. This article describes from the side of policy making for handling COVID-19 which is conceptually that policy is a direction of action that has a purpose set by an actor or a number of actors in overcoming a problem or problem (Anderson et al 1978). Public policy is a series of actions that are determined and implemented or not carried out by the government which has goals or is oriented towards certain goals for the benefit of the whole society (Hill & Hupe, 2002). The stages of the policy process consist of intelligence, promotion, prescription, invocation, application, termination, and appraisal (Laswell 1987;Peters & Pierre, 2006). In addition, Anderson (1978) stated that there are five stages of policy, namely: problem formation, formulation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation. The discussion of this article does not thoroughly discuss the stages of the policy but is more in depth at the implementation stage which specifically discusses the WHO protocol that is applied in dealing with the spread of Covid-19.

Methods
Based on the approach and type of data used, this research is included in qualitative research so that it will produce descriptive data in the form of words. Sources of data come from observation and data collection through literature search. Sampling Sampling technique is a technique of collecting data taken as a whole or as a whole to get a picture of it. Researchers ask research subjects about potential subjects and other research sources who are considered to be able to provide the information needed by the researcher. Data were analyzed through data reduction, presentation and drawing conclusions.

WHO Organizational Capacity
The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to achieve maximum health for the entire world community, to achieve this goal WHO is actively carrying out tasks including the following: in charge of overcoming health by helping to limit infectious diseases, providing health assistance to the state -countries in need, help improve the welfare and health of mothers and children, and encourage and assist the implementation of research in the health sector.
WHO was declared in 1948, WHO has functions which include the following, acting, directing and coordinating the authority of authorities in international health efforts, assisting governments in improving health services, cooperating with other specialized agencies if necessary, to prevent real harm. related to world public health, foster mental health development, especially those affecting the harmony of human relations, and promote and conduct research in the health sector.

WHO's role in dealing with the Spread of COVID-19
WHO recommends that all suspected cases be tested for COVID-19 according to the WHO Global surveillance case definition for human infection with the coronavirus disease . Demonstrating that COVID-19 is not circulating in certain populations requires adequate surveillance. The spike in severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) or influenza-like disease (ILI) observed through clinical surveillance could be a sign of unknown circulating COVID19 in the general population and should call for specific testing for COVID-19. It is important to emphasize that not having laboratory-confirmed cases does not imply that a country is free from COVID-19, and could be a sign of inadequate testing and surveillance. All countries are encouraged to critically assess respiratory syndrome surveillance and testing strategies. WHO encourages countries to report core data / ILI through GISRS and is developing interim operational considerations for COVID-19 surveillance using GISRS (WHO, 2020).
Assessment of possible risk areas and populations associated with travel to high-risk countries) may require a more intensive testing strategy. Medical professionals should also be alert and request testing when meeting patients with unexpected clinical presentations or when there is increased hospital admissions in certain demographic groups. Even before COVID-19 cases are detected nationally, it is very important to prepare for the possibility of increasing transmission and planning for an increase in COVID-19 testing capacity.
Consideration for countries handling sporadic cases WHO recommends that all suspected cases be tested for COVID-19 according to the WHO case definition (see: Global Monitoring for human infection with coronavirus disease . When the first case of COVID-19 is detected somewhere country, investigations should be carried out to determine the source of infection (eg imported cases, local human transmission, or possible animal-to-human transmission) These investigations may include genetic sequencing of the newly detected virus where possible It is recommended that the first case detection be confirmed by one of the laboratories WHO reference providing confirmatory testing for COVID-19.All other recommendations listed in the no-case scenario above still apply, however each sporadic case requires active case finding from contact and carrying out the necessary isolation and treatment (see Considerations in case investigation and COV group ID-19 (WHO, 2020).
Prioritized testing strategy Because the virus does not respect borders, a country can simultaneously have both cases without areas and areas with public circulation. Thus, different testing strategies may be required in the same country. For territories within a country without circulation, the aim remains to test all suspected cases in an effort to detect the first cases in a new area or setting as quickly as possible, and to take immediate steps to prevent spread in that territory.

Policy Implementation
Implementation is a series of activities in order to deliver policies to the public so that these policies can bring the expected results (Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975). Described by Dimock & Dimock, (2009) policy implementation is the parties that carry out the policy which consists of determining organizational goals and objectives, analysis and formulation of organizational policies and strategies, decision making, planning, programming, organizing, mobilizing people, implementing operations. , supervision and assessment. Edward III (1978) explains that policy implementation is influenced by four variables, namely communication, resources, disposition and structure.
According to Van Meter & Van Horn, (1975) explained that policy implementation is defined as actions taken by individuals, officials, or government or private groups directed at achieving the goals outlined in policy decisions. The implementation of a policy is a process for realizing the goals that have been selected and set to come true. Organizing these objectives through statutory regulations, is the most important part, and cannot be separated from the environment in the decision-making process. In other words, the implementation of a policy is closely related to human factors, with various backgrounds in social, cultural, political aspects, and so on.

WHO protocol
WHO has declared the corona virus a global pandemic. Readiness, preparedness and critical response action WHO has defined four transmission scenarios for COVID-19: (1) Countries without cases (No cases); (2) Countries with 1 or more cases, imported or detected locally (Sporadic cases); (3) Countries experiencing clusters of cases in terms of time, geographic location and / or general exposure (case clusters); (4) Countries experiencing a greater spread than local transmission (community transmission) (WHO, 2020).
The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is to be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes and how it spreads. Protect yourself and others from infection by washing your hands or using an alcohol-based rub frequently and not touching your face. The COVID-19 virus spreads mainly through droplets of saliva or out of the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it is important that you also practice respiratory etiquette for example, coughing on the bent elbow.
So far, there is no vaccine or specific treatment for COVID-19. However, there are many ongoing clinical trials evaluating potential treatments. WHO will continue to provide updated information as soon as clinical findings become available. To prevent infection and slow transmission of COVID-19, do the following: Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, or clean them with an alcohol-based hand rub. Maintain a minimum distance of 1 meter between yourself and the person who is coughing or sneezing. Avoid touching your face. Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. Stay home if you feel unwell. Do not smoke and other activities that weaken the lungs. Practice maintaining your distance by avoiding unnecessary travel and staying away from large groups of people.
The COVID-19 virus affects different people in different ways. COVID-19 is a respiratory disease and most people who are infected will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without requiring special treatment. People who have underlying medical conditions and those over the age of 60 have a higher risk of developing serious illness and death.
Isolation is carried out when someone is sick or positive for the corona virus. If you are sick, stay at home Things to do: Do not go to work, school, or go to public spaces. This is to avoid spreading COVID-19 to other people. Must isolate yourself and monitor yourself to avoid the possibility of transmission to people around you, including your family. Report to the nearest health facility about health conditions, history of contact with COVID-19 patients, or travel history from the country / local transmission area. People who are self-isolating: A person who is sick but has no risk of other comorbidities. Monitored Person with fever / respiratory symptoms with history from country / local transmission area. People who are asymptomatic but have had close contact with a COVID-19 patient. The length of time for self-isolation is 14 days until the results of examining samples in the laboratory are known Things to do during self-isolation: Stay at home, don't go to work and go to public spaces. Use separate rooms in the house from other family members. If possible, try to keep a distance of at least 1 meter from other family members. Always use a mask during self-isolation. Take daily temperature measurements and observe clinical signs such as coughing or difficulty breathing. Avoid sharing utensils and toiletries and bed linen. Apply a Healthy Lifestyle by eating nutritious foods, cleaning hands regularly, washing hands with soap and running water, and practicing ethical coughing / sneezing. Be out in the open and bask in the sun every morning. Keep the house clean with disinfectant liquid. Immediately call a health care facility if the pain worsens (such as shortness of breath) for further treatment.

Implementation and impact of the COVID-19 Handling Policy
The government needs to follow anticipatory steps according to WHO recommendations and protocols. Starting from the observation or monitoring, supervision and rehabilitation steps. The government is also trying to reduce the spread of this virus, through other efforts such as socializing healthy living and always washing hands. The pandemic that freezes the world must be taken seriously. The reason is this has involved the salvation of many human souls.
The anticipatory way is a way that doesn't wait for all the definite results to work with COVID-19 before things get worse, you must take preventive measures. In other words the speed of action which is really necessary under conditions Lockdown is considered less effective in suppressing the spread of corona because the virus has spread to various regions. As a comparison of the ineffectiveness of the lockdown carried out by the Italian government, which started from the Province of Lombardi but was ineffective because the corona virus had already spread in various Italian regions even when the lockdown was implemented nationally in Italy, the number of new cases continued to increase. Even though Italy has imposed fines for local residents who travel to Italy, foreigners can still travel to Italy with a permit.
In addition, several public health and infectious disease experts are also concerned that the effectiveness of the lockdown is considered to have a short-term impact. The government has no plans to take steps to complete quarantine or lockdown. This measure to restrict movement can have a major impact on the economy of the community, especially since many people choose daily income. The community is not only asked to do social distancing as proclaimed by the World Health Organization (WHO) but also to carry out physical distancing. Policy makers are supposed to make public health their top priority even though bad economic threats have the potential to occur. This health mitigation issue need not be a matter of doubt and must be conveyed in a transparent manner so that it can be trusted by the public.
From the determinants, especially transparency and public trust, it is only possible to determine properly and precisely what actions the government and civil society should take. The health task force is a good bridge between government and civil society. These two elements can work together and support each other for the purpose of saving people's lives. Collaboration is important, including between the government, the private sector, and civil society, in which there are many elements and professions that must be considered in their respective scientific capacities. If all elements can work together to help the community carry out social distancing and physical distancing, then handling the spread of COVID-19 can be done well which is also supported by the government's capacity to stabilize the economy, meet the medical needs and basic needs of the community.
The implementation of the policy to handle the spread of COVID-19 considers various aspects not only health but also the economic and social impacts resulting from government decision making. In addition, handling measures are implemented through the Acceleration of COVID-19 Handling task which is part of the formation of structures, structure is one of the aspects that are considered in Edward III's implementation theory besides communication, resources and disposition because the presence of a structure helps implement policies has a significant effect on policy implementation. Anderson stated public policy as a purposive course of action followed by an actor on set an actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern or as an action that has a specific objective which is followed and implemented by an actor or a group of actors in order to solve a problem. Actors or actors involved in executing the task of the Acceleration of Handling of COVID-19 are interpreted as part of efforts to solve problems related to the COVID-19 case.

Conclusion
WHO recommends that not circulating COVID-19 in certain populations requires adequate surveillance. The government can follow the anticipatory steps according to the recommendations and protocols from WHO starting from the observation, monitoring and rehabilitation steps. The government is also trying to reduce the spread of this virus, through other efforts such as socializing healthy living and always washing hands. In addition, collaboration between the government and civil society, in which there are many elements and professions, if all elements can work together to help the community carry out social distancing and physical distancing, the number of COVID-19 spread can be suppressed, which is important and cannot be separated from policy implementation. is a step to form a structure that is part of the Executing Agency for the Acceleration of Handling COVID-19 which technically executes the handling of COVID-19. Even though this pandemic has not ended, the steps taken by the government need to get support from the community by obeying the procedures of the central government, WHO, and local governments in providing policies related to handling COVID-19.