Article Review: Skin Diseases in Dromedary Camels
Abstract
The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) is a significant livestock species in several nations located in desert and semi-arid regions of Asia, Northern and Eastern Africa, South America, and the high highlands of the Andes. In Iraq, the FAO figures of 2014 indicate that there are around 65,000 camels, all of which belong to the species Camelus dromedarius and have a single hump. Camels are the primary source of sustenance for all Bedouin clans and villages in various ecological zones in Iraq. This dependence involves the usage of camel milk, meat, leather, and wool. Furthermore, camels have been used as beasts of burden, means of transportation, and mounts. Camels, typically grown in their native desert environment, experience significant stress due to the prolonged dry season. This stress makes them vulnerable to many illnesses and health issues. Historically, owing to little research on camel ailments, doctors believed that camels were immune to many disease-causing causes. Scientific evidence has shown that camels, like other livestock or maybe even more so, are vulnerable to the same disease-causing viruses that impact other animal species. Camels often suffer from illnesses that are challenging to manage because to their non-specific symptoms and similarity to diseases seen in other ruminant animals. Additionally, camels have some resistance to some infections. This research attempts to provide a concise description of the most frequently seen skin disorders in dromedary camels in Iraq.
References
Ahmadi, M. R., Nazifi, S., Ghaisari, H. R., & Radmehr, M. (2005). Evaluation of reproductive cycle with cervical and uterine cytology in Iranian dromedary camels. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 14, 48-51.
Ahmed, M. A., Elmahallawy, E. K., Gareh, A., Abdelbaset, A. E., El-Gohary, F. A., Elhawary, N. M., & Abushahba, M. F. (2020). Epidemiological and histopathological investigation of sarcoptic mange in camels in Egypt. Animals, 10(9), 1485. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091485
Al-Abedi, G. J., Sray, A. H., Hussein, A. J., & Gharban, H. A. (2020). Detection and Bloody Profiles Evaluation of Naturally Infected Camels with Subclinical Trypanosoma evansi, Iraq. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 23, 232-243.
Al-Ani, F. K. Al-Bassam, L.S. & Al-Salahi, K.A. (1990). Epidemiological study of dermatomycosis due to Trichophyton schoenleinii in camels in Iraq. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afi. 43: 87-92.
Al-Gharban, H. A., & Al-Taee, H. S. (2016). Seroclinical diagnosis of Anaplasma marginale bacteria in carrier arabian one-humped camels. Basrah J Vet Res, 15, 346-359.
Alhaj, O. A., Faye, B., & Agrawal, R. P. (Eds.). (2019). Handbook of research on health and environmental benefits of camel products. IGI Global.
Al-Hassan, A. A. (2020). Gelatin from camel skins: Extraction and characterizations. Food Hydrocolloids, 101, 105457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105457
Al-Hassani, M.K.A., Al-Gharban, H.A.J., & Manher, L.F. (2018). Application of Three Diagnostic Serologic Techniques to Detect of Dromedary Camel’s Brucellosis. Al-Qadisiyah journal For pure science, 23 (2), 61-74.
Al-Rawashdeh, O. F., Al-Ani, F. K., Sharrif, L. A., Al-Qudah, K. M., Al-Hami, Y., & Frank, N. (2000). A survey of camel (Camelus dromedarius) diseases in Jordan. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31(3), 335-338. https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260
Al-Sobayil, F. A., & El-Amir, Y. O. (2013). Throughout pathological study on skin, subcutaneous and mucosal neoplasia of the dromedary camel. Braz J Vet Pathol, 6(2), 48 – 55.
Ansari-Renani, H. R., Salehi, M., Ebadi, Z., & Moradi, S. (2010). Identification of hair follicle characteristics and activity of one and two humped camels. Small Ruminant Research, 90(1-3), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.01.004
Ayalew, Y., Assefa, A., Mekonen, N., Belete, S., & Ayisheshim, A. (2015). A review on camel dermatophilosis. Adv Biol Rev, 9, 363-372.
Barbieri, R., Drancourt, M., & Raoult, D. (2019). Plague, camels, and lice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(16), 7620-7621.
Berhe, T., Seifu, E., Ipsen, R., Kurtu, M. Y., & Hansen, E. B. (2017). Processing challenges and opportunities of camel dairy products. International journal of food science, 2017, 1-8.
Bhagat, R., Sheikh, A. A., Dar, R. R., Dogra, P., & Maibam, U. (2017). Resolving a clinical case of sarcoptic mange infestation in a dromederi camel. Pharma Innov. J, 6, 217-219.
Bokhari, F. M. (2010). Implications of fungal infections and mycotoxins in camel diseases in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 17(1), 73-81.
Bornstein, S., & Younan, M. (2013). Significant veterinary research on the dromedary camels of Kenya: past and present. Bornstein/ Journal of Camelid Science, 6, 1-48
Cakabay, T., Gokdogan, O., & Kocyigit, M. (2016). Human otoacariasis: Demographic and clinical outcomes in patients with ear-canal ticks and a review of literature. Journal of Otology, 11(3), 111-117.
Cebra, C. (2014). Disorders of the skin (pp. 379-391). Elselvier.
Chuluunbat, B., Charruau, P., Silbermayr, K., Khorloojav, T., & Burger, P. A. (2014). Genetic diversity and population structure of M ongolian domestic B actrian camels (Camelus bactrianus). Animal genetics, 45(4), 550-558.
Dahiya, S. S., Kumar, S., Mehta, S. C., Narnaware, S. D., Singh, R., & Tuteja, F. C. (2016). Camelpox: A brief review on its epidemiology, current status and challenges. Acta Tropica, 158, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.02.014
Devrajani, K., Abubakar, M., Fazlani, S. A., Shahid, F., Ourban, A. S., & Imran, R. (2010). Occurrence and prevalence of bacterial species as identified from camel wound. Inter. J. Agro Vet. Med. Sci, 4(4), 96-104.
Ehlayel, M., & Bener, A. (2018, September). Camel's milk allergy. In Allergy & Asthma Proceedings (Vol. 39, No. 5).
El-Deeb, W. M., & Buczinski, S. (2015). The diagnostic and prognostic importance of oxidative stress biomarkers and acute phase proteins in urinary tract infection (UTI) in camels. PeerJ, 3, e1363.
Elfadl, A. K., Jäger, K., Schoon, H. A., & Gameel, A. A. (2016). Frequency, pathology and electron microscopy of dromedary camel viral fibro-papilloma in Sudan.
Elmaghraby, I., El-Mashad, A. B., Moustafa, S., & Amin, A. (2023). Pathological and immunohistochemical studies on skin and subcutaneous neoplasia in Arabian Camels (Camelus dromedarius). Kafrelsheikh Veterinary Medical Journal, 21(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.21608/KVMJ.2023.210014.1034
Faye, B. (2020). How many large camelids in the world? A synthetic analysis of the world camel demographic changes. Pastoralism, 10(1), 1-10.
Faye, B., & Bengoumi, M. (2018). Camel clinical biochemistry and hematology (pp. 173-216). Cham (Switzerland): Springer.
Gameel, A. A. (2021). Tick Infestation. In Infectious Diseases of Dromedary Camels: A Concise Guide (pp. 235-238). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Ganguly, S., Para, P. A., & Praveen, P. K. (2017). Dermatophyte examination of skin scrapings collected from a camel: a case study. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci, 6(2), 1731-4.
Getahun, M. N., Villinger, J., Bargul, J. L., Muema, J. M., Orone, A., Ngiela, J., & Masiga, D. K. (2022). Molecular characterization of pathogenic African trypanosomes in biting flies and camels in surra-endemic areas outside the tsetse fly belt in Kenya. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 42(6), 3729-3745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-022-00896-2
Gharbi, M., Moussi, N., Jedidi, M., Mhadhbi, M., Sassi, L., & Darghouth, M. A. (2013). Population dynamics of ticks infesting the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in central Tunisia. Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 4(6), 488-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.06.004
Harris, D. R. (2021). Domesticatory relationships of people, plants and animals. In Redefining nature (pp. 437-463). Routledge.
Hirschman, E. C. (1998). When expert consumers interpret textual products: applying reader‐response theory to television programs. Consumption, Markets and Culture, 2(3), 259-309.
Hussain, M., G Habasha, F., & A Hasso, S. (2012). Papillomatosis in Iraqi camels. AL-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, 11(1), 70-74.
Jalali, M. H. R., Dehghan, S., Haji, A., & Ebrahimi, M. (2016). Myiasis caused by Cephalopina titillator (Diptera: Oestridae) in camels (Camelus dromedarius) of semi-arid areas in Iran: distribution and associated risk factors. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 25, 677-680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-016-2246-9
Jibril, Y., Mamo, G., Issa, A., Zewude, A., & Ameni, G. (2018). Appraisal of interpretation criteria for the single intra-dermal comparative cervical tuberculin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in dromedary camels in Ethiopia. Tropical animal health and production, 50, 1665-1670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1610-y
Kadim, I. T., Mahgoub, O., Al-Marzooqi, W., Khalaf, S. K., & Raiymbek, G. (2013). Composition, quality and health aspects of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) and bactrian (Camelus bacterianus) camel meats: a review. Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS], 18, 7-24.
Kandeel, M., & Al-Mubarak, A. I. (2022). Camel viral diseases: current diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 915475.
Khalafalla, A. I., El-Sabagh, I. M., Al-Busada, K. A., Al-Mubarak, A. I., & Ali, Y. H. (2015). Phylogenetic analysis of eight sudanese camel contagious ecthyma viruses based on B2L gene sequence. Virology Journal, 12, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-015-0348-7
Khalafalla, A. I., Rashid, J., Khan, R. A., Alamin, K. M., Benkhelil, A., De Massis, F., & Al Muhairi, S. S. (2020). Preliminary comparative assessment of brucellergene skin test for diagnosis of brucellosis in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 20(6), 412-417. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2019.2537
Khater, H., Hendawy, N., Govindarajan, M., Murugan, K., & Benelli, G. (2016). Photosensitizers in the fight against ticks: safranin as a novel photodynamic fluorescent acaricide to control the camel tick Hyalomma dromedarii (Ixodidae). Parasitology Research, 115, 3747-3758.
Khomeiri, M., & Yam, B. A. Z. (2015). Introduction to Camel origin, history, raising, characteristics, and wool, hair, and skin: a review. Research Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Management, 4, 496-508.
Kishore, A., Pal, B., & Sarkar, P. (2024). Camelids for Sustainability: A Socio-Economic Perspective. Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, 23(1), 53-72.
Klopries, M., Wernery, U., & Karden, O. R. (1995). Characterization of the camel skin cell line Dubca. British Veterinary Journal, 151(5), 555-565.
Lakritz, J. (2022). Congenital/Hereditary Conditions. Medicine and Surgery of Camelids, 560-589.
Mohammed, S. H., Baz, M. M., Ibrahim, M., Radwan, I. T., Selim, A., Dawood, A. F. D., & Khater, H. F. (2023). Acaricide resistance and novel photosensitizing approach as alternative acaricides against the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 22(1), 87-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-022-00301-4
Momenah, M. A. (2014). Some blood parameters of one humped she camels (Camelus dromedaries) in response to parasitic infection. Life Science Journal, 11(5), 118-123.
Mubarak, A., & Moussa, I. M. (2022). Sero-diagnosis of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis affecting camels using recombinant phospholipase D (rPLD) and anti-camels IgY-conjugate. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 34(8), 102344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102344
Ngeiywa, J. K. J. (1992). Clinical and pathological investigations on camel skin diseases in some camel rich districts of Northern Kenya (Doctoral dissertation).
Osman, S. A. (2014). Camel dermatophilosis: Clinical signs and treatment outcomes. Journal of camel Practice and Research, 21(2), 199-204. https://doi.org/10.5958/2277-8934.2014.00034.4
Qureshi, A. S., Rehan, S., Usman, M., Hayat, K., Umar, Z., & Sarfraz, A. (2020). Quantitative evaluation of age-related anatomical characteristics of selected digestive organs of dromedary camel. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 40(2).
Rahman, I. A., Dirar, H. A., & Osman, M. A. (2009). Microbiological and biochemical changes and sensory evaluation of camel milk fermented by selected bacterial starter cultures. African Journal of Food Science, 3(12), 398-405.
Raziq, A. (2009). Portrayal of camelids in pastoral economy of north-eastern herders of Baluchistan. PhD Diss., Deptt. Livestock Management, Univ. Agri Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Shokri, H., & Khosravi, A. R. (2011). Fungal flora isolated from the skin of healthy dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries). Int. J. Vet. Res, 5(2), 109-112.
Skidmore, J., Allen, W. R., Cooper, M. J., Chaudhry, M. A., Billah, M., & Billah, A. M. (1992). The recovery and transfer of embryos in the dromedary camel: results of preliminary experiments.
Talotta, R., & Robertson, E. S. (2021). Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of post-COVID-19 vaccination thrombophilia: The straw that breaks the camel's back?. Cytokine & growth factor reviews, 60, 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.05.001
Tefera, M. (2004). Observations on the clinical examination of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the field. Tropical animal health and production, 36, 435-449.
Tuteja, F. C., Patil, N. V., Nagarajan, G., Narnaware, S. D., Dahiya, S. S., Singh, R. K., & Singh, S. (2013). Camel Dermal Mycoses: A Diagnostic Pictorial.
Wajid, S. J. (2017). Dermatitis of camels (camelus dromedaries) due to Tick infestation at abattoir of Sammawah in Iraq. IOSR J. Agric. Vet. Sci, 10(11), 12-15.
Wernery, U. & Kaaden, O.R. (2002). Infectious diseases in camelids, 2nd revised and enlarged edition. Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH Kurfiirstendamm 57,10707 Berlin
Wiam, I. M., Sonfada, M. L., Yahaya, A., & Umar, A. A. (2015). Morphometric study of the skin in different anatomical regions of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Proceedings of International Camel Conference, 17-21.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal La Lifesci
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
