Multi-Actor Innovation in Child-Friendly City Policy

This article describes the policy of a Child-Friendly City, Actors, and agency and presents the Multi-Actor Innovation point of view that colors the child-friendly city policy. The Child-Friendly Regency/City Policy places a child-friendly city as a prerequisite to ensure that children grow and develop properly, have their rights protected, and their physical and psychological needs are met. Apart from being supported by the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, APSAI is also supported by child protection organizations, such as UNICEF, Save The Children. Various actors who are interested in contributing to a child-friendly city can participate. Multi-Actor Innovation can only occur if the collaboration that is established provides space for each actor who has different roles to be given the freedom to innovate based on their respective roles. The aim of the Multi-Actor Innovation is to offer better social learning analysis by integrating insights from sustainability science and social learning science traditions.


Introduction
Children are a valuable asset in the progress of a nation which in the future will determine the quality of Indonesia's human resources (HR) which is the main pillar of national development so that it needs protection and attention from all elements involved or in other words the involvement of many actors.
Judging from the social aspect, children are helpless in facing the waves of exposure to advertisements and views of very capitalistic consumerism which are detrimental to the mental development of marginal children, directly or indirectly (Rachaju, 2017).The root causes arise from these various social problems, including the absence of government policies regarding child-friendly regencies and cities that integrate development resources to fulfill children's rights (Astuti, 2015).
Through government policies or programs related to child-friendly cities (KLA) which are based on Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection and supported by the regulation of the State Minister for Women's Empowerment of the Republic of Indonesia Number 02 of 2009 concerning Regency/City Policy that is suitable for children to place cities that are suitable for children as a prerequisite for ensuring that children grow and develop properly, are protected and their physical and psychological needs are met.To realize a child-friendly city, the city government needs to make various efforts to integrate child protection issues into development planning documents.This is in order to deal with these issues on an ongoing basis.
Multi-actor collaboration can be utilized to meet challenges in sustainability issues.Collaboration results in a lot of collective action and does not require the integration of knowledge and broad perspectives, modern sustainability challenges require the integration Indonesia is one of the countries that has ratified children's rights and made it happen in the form of a Child-Friendly City Policy (KLA).KLA is seen as crucial to becoming the national agenda given the limited government policies to integrate the issue of children's rights into Regency/city development planning and the lack of integration of child protection rights into Regency/city development.Then, to accelerate the realization of the development of childfriendly cities (KLA), the State Ministry for Women's Empowerment made the KLA model a program priority.In the field of child welfare and protection, 7 (seven) important aspects in the development of KLA are health, education, social, civil rights and participation, legal protection, labor protections, and infrastructure.(Dewi, 2011).
In this policy, it is described that KLA is an effort by Regency/City governments to accelerate the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (KHA) from the legal framework into definitions, strategies, and development interventions such as policies, institutions, and programs that are appropriate for children.

Actors and Agency
In fact, creating and implementing public policies is rarely the preservation of one actor or group of actors (Howlett and Ramesh, 2003) and two realizations.The insights offered by this neo-institutionalist and argumentative approach are increasingly being synthesized as institutionalism.In this view, the policy is the result of the interaction of rational and rational actors whose capabilities, preferences, and perceptions are largely, but not completely, shaped by the institutionalized norms in which they interact (Scharpf, 2018).
The policy review literature uses the term 'policy subsystem' or sometimes a policy network to describe a group of state and non-state, national and international actors and institutions that form policies that focus on certain policy areas in a particular jurisdiction at a certain time (Bache et al, 2016 ).Beers et al., (2010) argued that Multi-Actor Innovation includes corresponding parties from distinct social sectors such as education, government, research, trade, NGO production, and commonly involves researchers, entrepreneurs, educators, policymakers, and NGO representatives.Hay (1999), suggests that the main unifying principle behind this set of highly interested actors and institutions is a common streak that depends on periodic transformation or rediscovery.Howlett (2005) composes a basic and prospectively worthwhile contrast between substantive policy instruments, "hard" instruments that are the conventional exposure of policy analysis, instruments that straightforwardly take place in social or economic setting, and 'procedural' instruments, 'soft' instruments that seek to intervene in social or economic life.to influence the participation of elected actors in the governance process itself.It is very important to pay attention to this if the analysis of innovation policies in depth sees the potential for multiple roles by state actors as economic actors such as as sources, vectors or as beneficiaries of innovation.(Flanagan et al., 2011 ).

Multi-Actor Innovation
Present subscription to transition studies utilizes the common diversity of market, state, and civil society (Durrant, 2014).The various categories of civil society tend to be reasons for not considering and/or overestimating the relative strengths of elements of society such as workers and others.(Farla et al., 2012;Grin et al., 2011;Pesch, 2014).
Nowadays, half of the investigation in transitional studies look over problematic and ambiguous conceptual parties, whether referring to individual or organization.We see actors from various backgrounds and from various levels of structure (Geels, 2011) as well as being involved in various activities at various levels of the structure (Jørgensen, 2012).

Child-Friendly Cities in Multi-Actor Innovation Review
Subiyakto (2012) states that in realizing child-friendly cities, in essence, the central government and local governments can play an important role in realizing the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the concept of a Child-Friendly City.This can be realized through the widest possible partnership involving all parties in the city.Partnerships can be built by involving the private sector, community leaders, traditional leaders, city governments from each department or sector, non-government organizations, and civil society.The partnership that is built can integrate and synergize into a unity that complements and needs one another.Duadji & Tresiana's research, (2018) explains that the policy of building a child-friendly city/regency, in essence, the government can establish the widest possible network/partnership involving all parties in the city.Partnerships can be built by involving the private sector, community leaders, traditional leaders, city governments from each department or sector, non-government organizations, and civil society.The partnership that is built can integrate and synergize into a unity that complements and needs one another.This emphasizes that the child-friendly city program apart from regulation, the private sector, and the community are also involved in the Association of Indonesian Child-Friendly Companies (APSAI).APSAI is an independent institution that can determine the eligibility criteria for a company to fulfill children's rights and measure the feasibility of a company that is suitable for children.The Office of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection (DP2A) of Makassar City held a Child-Friendly Regency/City Task Force (KLA) strengthening activity that involved all actors or components that played a role in building a Child-Friendly City.
Apart from being supported by the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, APSAI is also supported by child protection organizations, such as UNICEF, Save The Children.The private sector also has a strategic role to partner with the government, along with community members and various other community-based agencies.Together, they form the three main pillars of development oriented towards fulfilling children's rights.The interest of the team formed in the Child-Friendly Regency/City Task Force (KLA) in Makassar City involves various actors from across the government and private sectors, even by child protection organizations, such as UNICEF, Save The Children.
Setiawan's research (2016) noted the obstacles in the implementation of cooperation between various actors, namely that there were several programs that were not implemented.This is due to the lack of cooperation regarding the planned programs.The implementation of the activities carried out needs to read whether the situation is conducive and then carry out the activity, or even see whether the activity is needed or not.
From the description, it is explained that Multi-Actor Innovation can only occur if the collaboration that is established provides space for each actor who has a different role to be given the freedom to innovate based on roles but still within the framework of cooperation.
So far, there are different strands of previous research that have developed relatively parallel and are not yet integrated, leaving some open questions about the various relationships and how actors exercise power in transition.This relates to the lack of systematic understanding of actors involved in distributed agencies' agency in the transition process (Grin et al., 2011).To date, most contributions have been plagued by the conceptual ambiguity of whether this refers to specific individuals or individual organizations, to more general categories of actors or to roles of actors all of whom have yet to find a clear path.Therefore, deepening this study becomes an interesting theme to be explored further in the form of research.

Conclusion
Child-Friendly Cities apart from being supported by policies both nationally through national laws and regulations and local regulations also need to be supported by the involvement of various actors.Multi-Actor Innovation includes actors from various social sectors.Multi-Actor Innovation can only occur if the collaboration that is established provides space for each actor who has different roles to be given the freedom to innovate based on their role but still within the agreed framework of cooperation, this allows additional insight into the actors involved in the activity.Child-Friendly City is becoming more and more extensive.
The juridical normative development of KLA is contained in World Fit for Children, Presidential Decree No. 36/1990 on the Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the 1945 Constitution (Articles 28b, 28c), the 2015 National Program for Indonesian Children, Law No. 23/2002 concerning Child Protection, and Permenneg (Government Regulation) PP No 2/2009 concerning KLA Policy.The Child-Friendly City Policy is formally stated in the regulation of the State Minister for Women's Empowerment of the Republic of Indonesia Number 02 of 2009 concerning the Policy for a Child-Friendly Regency/City which aims to (1) increase the commitment of the community government and the business world in the Regency/city in an effort to realize development that cares the child, the child's best interests and needs; (2) integrating the potential of human, financial, facilities, infrastructure, methods and technology which the government, the community, and the business world in the Regency/City have in realizing children's rights; (3) implementing child protection policies through the formulation of Regency/City development strategies and planning in a comprehensive and sustainable manner in accordance with the KLA indicators; and (4) strengthening the role and capacity of Regency/City governments in realizing development in the field of child protection.